Attention, Perception, Learning and Memory Questions and Answers

Q: Some people believe that certain objects bring luck and help them in being successful. Such superstitions may be the result of :

The key marks autoshaping as the result behind superstitions about lucky objects.Autoshaping is the development of a response, such as pecking at a lit key, without any contingency being arranged, through the pairing of a signal with a reward. On the keyed reading, a belief that an object brings luck arises in the same way, from chance pairings of the object with success. Insight is a sudden grasp of a solution, and behaviour modification programmes and token economies are deliberately designed systems of reinforcement, so they are not accidental. Superstition is classically explained by accidental reinforcement, which sits close to the keyed option.

Q: Technique of shaping is based on which of the following principle ?

The technique of shaping is based on successive approximation.In shaping, behaviours that come closer and closer to the target response are reinforced in turn, until the target is reached. Reciprocal inhibition is the principle behind systematic desensitization, response inhibition means preventing a response, and stimulus discrimination is responding differently to different stimuli.

181.

Some people believe that certain objects bring luck and help them in being successful. Such superstitions may be the result of :

A.insight
B.a program of behaviour modification
C.autoshaping
D.token economy systems

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: C

The key marks autoshaping as the result behind superstitions about lucky objects.

Autoshaping is the development of a response, such as pecking at a lit key, without any contingency being arranged, through the pairing of a signal with a reward. On the keyed reading, a belief that an object brings luck arises in the same way, from chance pairings of the object with success. Insight is a sudden grasp of a solution, and behaviour modification programmes and token economies are deliberately designed systems of reinforcement, so they are not accidental. Superstition is classically explained by accidental reinforcement, which sits close to the keyed option.

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182.

Principle stating that a more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity is referred to as :

A.Trace conditioning
B.Hull's principle
C.Principle of stimulus generalization
D.Premack principle

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: D

The principle that a more preferred activity can reinforce a less preferred one is the Premack principle.

David Premack proposed that behaviours that are more probable can be used to reinforce those that are less probable, as when a child may play after finishing homework. Trace conditioning is a classical conditioning arrangement with a gap between the stimuli, Hull's principle concerns drive reduction, and stimulus generalisation is the spread of a response to similar stimuli.

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183.

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin model of human memory which of the following sequence of events is correct ?

A.attention - sensory memory - short term memory - long term memory - elaborative rehearsal.
B.sensory memory - attention - short term memory - elaborative rehearsal - long term memory
C.attention - short term memory - sensory memory - elaborative rehearsal - long term memory
D.sensory memory - short term memory - attention - long term memory - elaborative rehearsal.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The correct sequence in the Atkinson and Shiffrin model is sensory memory, attention, short term memory, elaborative rehearsal, long term memory, which is option B.

Information first enters the sensory registers, and the part that is attended to passes into short term memory. It is then moved into long term memory through elaborative rehearsal. Options A and C put attention before sensory memory or short term memory before sensory memory, and option D places long term memory before rehearsal.

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184.

Deliberate application of known strategies to tasks, planning their use in advance, monitoring them in action, evaluating their output and modifying subsequent behaviour on the basis of performance is called.

A.Self regulated learning
B.Implicit learning
C.Deductive reasoning
D.Cognitive learning

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

The deliberate application of strategies with planning, monitoring and evaluation is called self-regulated learning.

The learner plans how to use strategies, monitors them as they are used, evaluates the result and adjusts later behaviour. Implicit learning occurs without awareness, deductive reasoning is drawing conclusions from premises, and cognitive learning is a general term for learning that involves mental processes, so none gives this cycle of control.

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185.

Match List-I with List-II and indicate your answer with the help of the given codes :

List - I (Type of Memory)	List - II (Type of Information )
p. echoic memory	1. episodic information
q. iconic memory	2. auditory information
r. auto biographical memory	3. visual information
s. implicit memory	4. priming

Codes : p q r s

A.4 1 3 2
B.2 3 1 4
C.3 4 2 1
D.4 2 1 3

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The correct matching is p-2, q-3, r-1, s-4, which is option B.

Echoic memory is the brief auditory store (2) and iconic memory is the brief visual store (3). Autobiographical memory holds episodic information about one's own life (1), and implicit memory is shown through priming (4). Options A, C and D swap the echoic and iconic stores or the autobiographical and implicit memory descriptions.

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186.

Technique of shaping is based on which of the following principle ?

A.Reciprocal inhibition
B.Response inhibition
C.Stimulus discrimination
D.Successive approximation

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: D

The technique of shaping is based on successive approximation.

In shaping, behaviours that come closer and closer to the target response are reinforced in turn, until the target is reached. Reciprocal inhibition is the principle behind systematic desensitization, response inhibition means preventing a response, and stimulus discrimination is responding differently to different stimuli.

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187.

What are the two types of declarative memory given by Edel Tulving ?

A.Episodic and semantic
B.Semantic and procedural
C.Reconstructive and semantic
D.Procedural and reconstructive

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

The two types of declarative memory given by Endel Tulving are episodic and semantic.

Episodic memory holds personally experienced events with their time and place, and semantic memory holds general knowledge and meanings. Procedural memory is non-declarative, the memory of skills, so it is not a type of declarative memory, and 'reconstructive' is not one of Tulving's types.

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188.

Assertion (A) : Illusions are instances in which perception yields false interpretation of physical reality.

Reason (R) : Theory of misapplied constancy suggests that when looking at illusions, we interpret certain cues as suggesting that some parts are farther than others because of our powerful tendency toward size constancy.

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
B.Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C.(A) is true but (R) is false.
D.Both (A) and (R) are false.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

Both statements are true and the reason explains the assertion, so the answer is option A.

Illusions are instances in which perception gives a false interpretation of physical reality. The theory of misapplied constancy accounts for some of them, such as the Muller-Lyer illusion, by saying that depth cues make us treat some parts as farther away and so, through size constancy, as larger. The reason is therefore an account of how the false interpretation arises.

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189.

Assertion (A) : Working memory involves both storage capacity and the capacity to process information held in the memory system.

Reason (R) : The serial position effect provides evidence for the existence of two distinct memory systems, working memory and long term memory.

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
B.Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C.(A) is true but (R) is false.
D.Both (A) and (R) are false.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

Both statements are true and the reason is the explanation of the assertion in the key, which is option A.

Working memory involves both storage and the processing of the information held. The serial position effect, in which the last items of a list are recalled from a short term store and the first from a long term store, is evidence for two distinct memory systems, which is the idea on which the working memory model rests. The key accepts the reason as supporting the assertion, so options B, C and D are not keyed.

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190.

The visible spectrum wavelength ranges from

A.380 to 760 nanometres
B.200 to 700 nanometres
C.400 to 1000 nanometres
D.100 to 1000 nanometres

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The visible spectrum covers wavelengths from about 380 to 760 nanometres. Light of about 380 nm looks violet and light of about 760 nm looks red, and radiation below or above this band (ultraviolet and infrared) cannot be seen by the human eye.

The ranges 200 to 700 nm, 400 to 1000 nm and 100 to 1000 nm include wavelengths that the eye does not respond to, so they overstate the band. The first option is the standard range, and it is the one keyed.

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