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Attention, Perception, Learning and Memory Questions and Answers

21.

In free recall, participants recall the words, not in their order of presentation, but in a new order or sequence. This process is known as:

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: A

The key gives organisational. In free recall participants recall words in an order that differs from the order of presentation, usually grouping them by meaning or category, which is organisation in memory. Chunking is combining items into larger units, and 'wilful' and 'hypothesis of ease' are not names for this process.

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22.

To transfer information from short term memory to long term memory, which of the following is required?

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: B

Elaborative rehearsal is needed to move information from short-term to long-term memory. It means linking new information to meaning and to what one already knows. Maintenance rehearsal, simple repetition, keeps the information in short-term memory but does little to store it for long. 'Selective rehearsal' and 'chunking rehearsal' are not standard terms for this process.

Elaborative rehearsal links new information to existing knowledge, and this deeper processing is what makes it last in long-term memory.

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23.

Which of the following are acquired and learned by children by observational learning?

1. Personality characteristios
2. Pro-social behaviour
3. Indolence
4. Diligence

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: D

All four are acquired through observational learning, so the answer is 1, 2, 3 and 4. Children watch parents, teachers and others and learn personality characteristics, helpful pro-social behaviour, and habits such as laziness (indolence) and hard work (diligence) by copying models. Any option that leaves some of them out is incomplete.

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24.

All of the following are types of learning, EXCEPT:

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: C

Motivation is not a type of learning. Classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning are three ways in which learning takes place. Motivation is the inner state that drives and directs behaviour, and affects learning, but is not itself a kind of learning.

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25.

Which theory is propounded by Bandura?

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: A

Bandura propounded the theory of observational learning (social learning theory), in which people learn by watching the behaviour of others and its consequences, as in the Bobo doll experiments. Classical conditioning is Pavlov's, instrumental conditioning is Thorndike's and Skinner's, and discovery learning is associated with Bruner.

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26.

Which of the following theories of perception was proposed by Biederman?

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: A

Geon theory, also called recognition-by-components, was proposed by Irving Biederman: objects are recognised by breaking them into basic three-dimensional shapes called geons. Pandemonium theory was proposed by Oliver Selfridge, the spotlight theory describes how attention is directed, and prototype theory says we match inputs against an average example. Biederman proposed that a small set of about 36 geons, such as cylinders, cones and blocks, can combine to make the objects we know, and objects are recognised when the geons are identified.

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27.

Which of the following is the binocular cue of depth perception?

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: C

Convergence is a binocular cue: the eyes turn inward to focus on a near object, and the brain uses the muscle strain as a depth cue. Motion parallax, accommodation (the lens changing shape) and relative size can all be used with one eye, so they are monocular cues. Binocular cues need both eyes: convergence (the inward turn of the eyes for near objects) and retinal disparity (the slight difference between the images in the two eyes). Monocular cues work with one eye and include relative size, interposition, linear perspective, texture gradient and motion parallax.

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28.

Which form of processing exposes human beings to visual illusions?

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: D

Top-down processing exposes us to visual illusions because perception is shaped by expectations, knowledge and context, which can override what the stimulus actually shows. Bottom-up processing builds perception from the sensory data, subliminal processing is below awareness, and cognitive on its own is not a type of processing. Illusions such as the Muller-Lyer figure are examples of how our expectations and past experience change what we see, which is why they are linked with top-down processing.

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29.

Who proposed the attenuation model of attention?

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: A

Anne Treisman proposed the attenuation model of attention, which holds that unattended messages are weakened rather than blocked completely. Donald Broadbent proposed the earlier filter model in which unattended messages are blocked, Irving Biederman is known for geon theory of object recognition, and Erik Eriksen is not the author of an attention model (the flanker task belongs to Charles Eriksen, and Erik Erikson was the developmental psychologist).

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30.

Which of the following is a mental representation of some type of information or stimuli?

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: C

A memory code is a mental representation of some type of information or stimuli, such as a sound, image or meaning, in which the information is held in memory. A retrieval cue helps recall, chunking groups items into units, and a schema is an organised framework of knowledge, not the code in which an item is stored. Information has to be encoded into a form that memory can store, and these forms are the memory codes: for example acoustic, visual and semantic codes. The question's phrase mental representation points to this.

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