Highland climates are often given a separate category because
Answer: A
A single mountain can span several Koppen types from base to summit, which no lowland classification handles well. The category is an admission that the scheme does not cope with steep terrain. One mountain may span several types.
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Assertion (A): Mountain regions are often shown as a single undifferentiated category on a climate map.
Reason (R): The climate changes over horizontal distances too small for the map to resolve.
Answer: B
Both are true and the reason gives the practical difficulty, and it means a highland label conveys much less information than any of the other categories. Map scale is the limiting factor. Highland is the least informative label of all.
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State whether the following is true or false.
Climate classification boundaries have shifted measurably in recent decades.
Answer: C
Warming has moved the temperate and continental boundaries polewards and expanded the arid group in places. Mapping the shift is one way of showing climate change in terms people recognise. Boundaries are not fixed for ever.
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The main practical value of a climate classification is that it
Answer: D
Correct answer: allows distant regions to be compared
A classification is a common language: it lets a place in Chile be recognised as climatically equivalent to one in California or the Cape, so that agricultural, ecological and engineering experience can be transferred between them. It forecasts nothing, replaces no observations, and does not determine soil, though climate is one of the factors that forms soil.
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Consider the following statements comparing Koppen and Thornthwaite.
1. Koppen uses vegetation related thresholds on temperature and rainfall.
2. Thornthwaite uses a computed water balance.
3. The two give identical maps of the world.
Answer: A
Correct answer: 1 and 2 only
Statements 1 and 2 correctly separate the two approaches: Koppen uses vegetation-related thresholds on temperature and rainfall, Thornthwaite a computed water balance. Statement 3 is wrong - because they measure different things, the maps differ appreciably, particularly at the margins of the dry regions where Thornthwaite’s evapotranspiration calculation and Koppen’s aridity threshold disagree.
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One of the following temperature regimes was not recognized by Köppen :
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Answer: B
The regime not recognised by Koppen among temperature regimes is desert.
Koppen's main groups A, C, D and E are defined by temperature: tropical (A), mid-latitude warm temperate and cold (C and D) and polar (E). Group B, which includes deserts (BW) and steppes (BS), is defined by moisture, by comparing precipitation with evaporation, not by temperature.
So tropical, mid-latitude and polar are all temperature-based groups, and desert is the odd one out.
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In Köppen climate system "Am" climate is called tropical :
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Answer: D
The Koppen Am climate is called tropical monsoon.
In the A (tropical) group the second letter describes rainfall. Af is tropical rainforest with no dry season. Am is tropical monsoon: a short dry season but very heavy rainfall during the rest of the year, enough to support forest, as on the west coast of India. Aw is tropical wet-and-dry (savanna).
Desert (BW) and steppe (BS) belong to the dry B group, and wet-and-dry is Aw, not Am.
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In Köppen climate system "BW" climate is called :
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Answer: D
In the Koppen system 'BW' is the desert climate.
Group B covers the dry climates, in which evaporation exceeds precipitation. The second letter separates the arid desert (BW, from German Wuste, desert) from the semi-arid steppe (BS, Steppe). A third letter, h or k, shows whether the desert is hot or cold.
Steppe is BS, not BW. Monsoon (Am) and wet-and-dry savanna (Aw) are tropical humid climates of group A.
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In Köppen climate system "BS" climate is called :
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Answer: B
The BS climate is the steppe (semi-arid) climate.
In the Köppen scheme, B is the dry group, where evaporation exceeds precipitation. The second letter separates the two dry types: W (from the German Wüste, desert) for the arid climates and S for steppe, the semi-arid climates on the fringes of the deserts. A third letter, h or k, marks hot or cold.
So BW, not BS, is the desert climate. The tropical wet-and-dry (savanna) climate is Aw, in the A group, and the monsoon climate is Am, also tropical.
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