Fungi are simple plants. Which one of the following statements about fungi is INCORRECT?
Answer: A
Correct answer: Fungi contain chlorophyll.
Fungi have no chlorophyll and cannot photosynthesise - which is why they must absorb organic nutrients, as saprotrophs or as parasites. The absence of chlorophyll is the main reason they are no longer classed as plants at all, but placed in a kingdom of their own.
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An infectious disease is ___________ .
Answer: B
Correct answer: spread from person to person
An infectious (communicable) disease is one that can be transmitted, whether by air, water, contact or a vector. The cause may be a bacterium, a virus, a fungus or a protozoan - it is the transmissibility, not the kind of organism, that defines it.
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Partial sterilization of a product such as milk at a high temperature is known as:
Answer: A
Correct answer: Pasteurization
Pasteurisation heats milk briefly - about 72°C for 15 seconds, then rapid cooling - which kills the pathogens and most spoilage organisms without curdling the milk or spoiling its flavour. It is partial sterilisation: some harmless organisms survive, which is why pasteurised milk still needs refrigeration.
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Deliberately injecting weak microbes into a healthy body and producing antibodies to fight against strong microbes is called _______
Answer: C
Correct answer: Vaccination
Vaccination introduces a weakened or killed organism, or a part of one, so that the body mounts a response and retains memory cells. A later encounter with the real pathogen is then met at once. Antibiotics treat an infection already present; a vaccine prevents one.
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Which one of the following is not a beneficial effect of fungi?
Answer: C
Correct answer: They are used to make yoghurt.
Yoghurt is made with bacteria - Lactobacillus and Streptococcus - not with fungi. The other three are genuine benefits: fungi produce antibiotics such as penicillin, they act as decomposers, and they are essential to cheese making.
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Living organisms which are invisible to the naked eye are called _________ .
Answer: C
Correct answer: Microorganisms
Organisms too small to be seen without a microscope are microorganisms - bacteria, protozoa, many algae and fungi, and viruses. The category is defined by size alone, so it contains organisms of quite unrelated kinds.
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The scientist who discovered fermentation is
Answer: B
Correct answer: Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur showed in the 1850s that fermentation is caused by living microorganisms, not by a purely chemical process as had been supposed. The same work led to pasteurisation and to the germ theory of disease.
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The shape of a coccus bacterium is generally
Answer: A
Correct answer: Spherical
A coccus is spherical. The other basic shapes are the rod (bacillus), the comma (vibrio) and the helix (spirillum or spirochaete).
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Organisms that take in nutrients from dead and decaying matter are called
Answer: C
Correct answer: Saprotrophs
Saprotrophs feed on dead and decaying matter, secreting enzymes onto it and absorbing the products - the fungi and many bacteria. They are the decomposers, without which nutrients would stay locked in dead material and the cycles of matter would stop.
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Which of these microorganisms contains chlorophyll?
Answer: C
Correct answer: Algae
Algae contain chlorophyll and photosynthesise. Fungi have none - they absorb organic nutrients - and viruses are not cells at all.
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