Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :List IList II(a) Lindblom Charles(1) The Policy Orientation(b) Harold Lasswell(2) Understanding Public Policy(c) Dye Thomas(3) Public Policy Making(d) Anderson James E(4) The Intelligence of Democracy

The correct matching is a-4, b-1, c-2, d-3.Charles Lindblom wrote The Intelligence of Democracy (1965), on decision-making through mutual adjustment (a-4).Harold Lasswell wrote 'The Policy Orientation' (1951), the founding essay of the policy sciences (b-1).Thomas Dye wrote Understanding Public Policy (1972) (c-2).James E. Anderson wrote Public Policy-Making (1975) (d-3).Option A matches the lists in printed order, and options C and D give Lindblom the wrong book; only B pairs every author correctly.

Match the List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :List I (Author/Editors)List II (Books)(a) Pressman and Wildvsky(1) Examining the Policy-Action Relationship(b) James Anderson(2) Implementation and Public Policy(c) Barrett and Fudge(3) Implementation(d) Mazmanian and Sabatier(4) Public Policy Making

The correct matching is a-3, b-4, c-1, d-2.Pressman and Wildavsky (printed as Wildvsky): Implementation (1973), the classic study of a federal programme in Oakland.James Anderson: Public Policy Making.Barrett and Fudge: Policy and Action, whose opening essay examines the policy-action relationship.Mazmanian and Sabatier: Implementation and Public Policy (1983).Every other code gives Pressman and Wildavsky a book other than Implementation, so only the first fits.

Public Policy Questions and Answers

Q: Amongst the given below, which is not a phase of policy formulation ?

The item that is not a phase of policy formulation is adoption.Policy formulation is the stage in which options for dealing with a problem are generated and assessed. It is often broken into four phases: appraisal (gathering and assessing data and evidence), dialogue (communication between policy-makers and those affected), formulation (drafting the proposals) and consolidation (building agreement around them).Adoption, the formal approval of a policy by the legislature or the executive, is the next stage of the policy cycle after formulation, so it is not one of formulation's own phases.

Q: Assertion (A) and Reason (R) pattern :Assertion (A) : Policy decision making is not a technical exercise.Reason (R) : Public policy decisions result in creation of winners' and 'losers'.Answer the question using the codes given below :

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the reason of (A).Policy decisions are not purely technical choices that experts can settle by calculation. Public policy allocates values: it decides who gets what, and at whose expense. Because a policy creates winners and losers, choosing among options involves judgements about whose interests should count, bargaining among affected groups and political accountability for the outcome.That is exactly why policy decision-making is not a technical exercise, so the reason explains the assertion. Options A and D understate the link, and option B is wrong because both statements are true.

Q: From the following which statement is true with regard to 'Sunset Legislation' ?(1) It is a formal process of policy review for eliminating the undesired, outdated, redundant and irrelevant.(2) Elimination or minimization of low priority programmes.Select correct codes :

The answer is (1) and (2) are correct.Sunset legislation provides that a programme, agency or law automatically ends on a fixed date unless the legislature reviews it and decides to continue it. It is thus a formal process of periodic policy review that removes outdated, redundant or unwanted programmes (1), and its practical effect is the elimination or reduction of low-priority programmes (2).Since both statements are true, the options saying only (1) is correct, or that both are incorrect, are wrong. The option mentioning (3) refers to a statement that is not given.

Q: Find the incorrect statement from the following :(1) Public policy may be either positive or negative in form.(2) In positive form it may involve some government actions to solve particular problems.(3) In negative form it may allow decisions by public servants to take action on some matter on which government order is sought.

The incorrect statement is (3).Public policy can be positive or negative (1). In its positive form it involves some form of government action to deal with a problem (2). In its negative form, as James Anderson puts it, it is a decision by public officials not to take action on a matter on which government action is sought.Statement 3 reverses this, describing the negative form as a decision to take action, so it is the incorrect one. Options naming (1) or (2) pick correct statements.

Q: According to Lasswell, policy sciences are :(1) Contextual(2) Multi-method(3) Unrelated(4) Problem orientedSelect the correct codes :

Lasswell's policy sciences are (1), (2) and (4): contextual, multi-method and problem oriented.Harold Lasswell, who launched the policy sciences in 1951, described them as problem-oriented (concerned with real public problems), contextual (seeing problems within their whole social setting) and multi-method (drawing on many disciplines and techniques), and normative in their concern for human dignity.'Unrelated' is the opposite of his contextual, interdisciplinary idea, so every option containing (3) is wrong.

Q: According to Lindblom, which of the following aspects prevent policy makers from identifying a full range of policy alternatives and their consequences ?(1) Constraint of time(2) Intelligence(3) Cost(4) EnvironmentSelect correct codes :

The constraints are (1), (2) and (3): time, intelligence and cost.Charles Lindblom argued against the rational-comprehensive model that policy makers can never identify all the alternatives and their consequences. They lack the time, they lack the intellectual capacity and information (intelligence) to analyse everything, and comprehensive analysis is too costly. So they proceed by 'muddling through', making small incremental changes.'Environment' is not among the limits he named in this argument, so options containing (4) are wrong.

Q: According to Barret and Fudge, on which of the following aspects does policy implementation depends Choose wrong option.

The wrong option is ability to manipulate resources.Susan Barrett and Colin Fudge, following the classic account of implementation, say that it depends on knowing what you want to do, the availability of the required resources, and the ability to marshal and control these resources to achieve what you want.Manipulating resources is not one of these conditions, so it is the option to choose as wrong. The other three are taken straight from the account.

Q: According to Dror, which of the following is a policy making stage ?

The policy making stage is establishing operational goals with some order of priority.Yehezkel Dror's optimal model divides policy making into three stages. Meta-policy making covers processing values, reality and problems, developing resources, designing the policy making system and determining the policy making strategy. Policy making proper includes allocating resources, establishing operational goals in order of priority, preparing and comparing alternatives. Post-policy making covers motivating the execution of policy, executing it and evaluating it.So determining strategy and processing problems are meta-policy phases, and motivating execution is post-policy.

41.

Amongst the given below, which is not a phase of policy formulation ?

A.Appraisal
B.Dialogue
C.Formulation
D.Adoption

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: D

The item that is not a phase of policy formulation is adoption.

Policy formulation is the stage in which options for dealing with a problem are generated and assessed. It is often broken into four phases: appraisal (gathering and assessing data and evidence), dialogue (communication between policy-makers and those affected), formulation (drafting the proposals) and consolidation (building agreement around them).

Adoption, the formal approval of a policy by the legislature or the executive, is the next stage of the policy cycle after formulation, so it is not one of formulation's own phases.

Discuss in Forum

42.

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :

List I	List II
(a) Lindblom Charles	(1) The Policy Orientation
(b) Harold Lasswell	(2) Understanding Public Policy
(c) Dye Thomas	(3) Public Policy Making
(d) Anderson James E	(4) The Intelligence of Democracy

A.a-1, b-2, c-3, d-4
B.a-4, b-1, c-2, d-3
C.a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1
D.a-2, b-3, c-1, d-4

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: B

The correct matching is a-4, b-1, c-2, d-3.

Charles Lindblom wrote The Intelligence of Democracy (1965), on decision-making through mutual adjustment (a-4).
Harold Lasswell wrote 'The Policy Orientation' (1951), the founding essay of the policy sciences (b-1).
Thomas Dye wrote Understanding Public Policy (1972) (c-2).
James E. Anderson wrote Public Policy-Making (1975) (d-3).

Option A matches the lists in printed order, and options C and D give Lindblom the wrong book; only B pairs every author correctly.

Discuss in Forum

43.

Assertion (A) and Reason (R) pattern :

Assertion (A) : Policy decision making is not a technical exercise.
Reason (R) : Public policy decisions result in creation of winners' and 'losers'.

Answer the question using the codes given below :

A.Both (A) and (R) are true
B.Both (A) and (R) are false
C.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the reason of (A)
D.Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the reason of (A)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: C

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the reason of (A).

Policy decisions are not purely technical choices that experts can settle by calculation. Public policy allocates values: it decides who gets what, and at whose expense. Because a policy creates winners and losers, choosing among options involves judgements about whose interests should count, bargaining among affected groups and political accountability for the outcome.

That is exactly why policy decision-making is not a technical exercise, so the reason explains the assertion. Options A and D understate the link, and option B is wrong because both statements are true.

Discuss in Forum

44.

From the following which statement is true with regard to 'Sunset Legislation' ?

(1) It is a formal process of policy review for eliminating the undesired, outdated, redundant and irrelevant.
(2) Elimination or minimization of low priority programmes.

Select correct codes :

A.(1) is correct
B.(1) and (2) are correct
C.(1) and (3) are correct
D.(1), (2) are incorrect

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: A

The answer is (1) and (2) are correct.

Sunset legislation provides that a programme, agency or law automatically ends on a fixed date unless the legislature reviews it and decides to continue it. It is thus a formal process of periodic policy review that removes outdated, redundant or unwanted programmes (1), and its practical effect is the elimination or reduction of low-priority programmes (2).

Since both statements are true, the options saying only (1) is correct, or that both are incorrect, are wrong. The option mentioning (3) refers to a statement that is not given.

Discuss in Forum

45.

Find the incorrect statement from the following :

(1) Public policy may be either positive or negative in form.
(2) In positive form it may involve some government actions to solve particular problems.
(3) In negative form it may allow decisions by public servants to take action on some matter on which government order is sought.

A.(1) and (2)
B.(2)
C.(3)
D.(1)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: C

The incorrect statement is (3).

Public policy can be positive or negative (1). In its positive form it involves some form of government action to deal with a problem (2). In its negative form, as James Anderson puts it, it is a decision by public officials not to take action on a matter on which government action is sought.

Statement 3 reverses this, describing the negative form as a decision to take action, so it is the incorrect one. Options naming (1) or (2) pick correct statements.

Discuss in Forum

46.

Match the List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :

List I (Author/Editors)	List II (Books)
(a) Pressman and Wildvsky	(1) Examining the Policy-Action Relationship
(b) James Anderson	(2) Implementation and Public Policy
(c) Barrett and Fudge	(3) Implementation
(d) Mazmanian and Sabatier	(4) Public Policy Making

A.a-3, b-4, c-1, d-2
B.a-1, b-2, c-3, d-4
C.a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3
D.a-4, b-3, c-1, d-2

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: A

The correct matching is a-3, b-4, c-1, d-2.

Pressman and Wildavsky (printed as Wildvsky): Implementation (1973), the classic study of a federal programme in Oakland.
James Anderson: Public Policy Making.
Barrett and Fudge: Policy and Action, whose opening essay examines the policy-action relationship.
Mazmanian and Sabatier: Implementation and Public Policy (1983).

Every other code gives Pressman and Wildavsky a book other than Implementation, so only the first fits.

Discuss in Forum

47.

According to Lasswell, policy sciences are :

(1) Contextual
(2) Multi-method
(3) Unrelated
(4) Problem oriented

Select the correct codes :

A.(1), (2) and (3)
B.(2), (3) and (4)
C.(1) and (3)
D.(1), (2) and (4)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: D

Lasswell's policy sciences are (1), (2) and (4): contextual, multi-method and problem oriented.

Harold Lasswell, who launched the policy sciences in 1951, described them as problem-oriented (concerned with real public problems), contextual (seeing problems within their whole social setting) and multi-method (drawing on many disciplines and techniques), and normative in their concern for human dignity.

'Unrelated' is the opposite of his contextual, interdisciplinary idea, so every option containing (3) is wrong.

Discuss in Forum

48.

According to Lindblom, which of the following aspects prevent policy makers from identifying a full range of policy alternatives and their consequences ?

(1) Constraint of time
(2) Intelligence
(3) Cost
(4) Environment

Select correct codes :

A.(1), (2) and (3)
B.(2), (3) and (4)
C.(1) and (3)
D.(1) and (4)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: A

The constraints are (1), (2) and (3): time, intelligence and cost.

Charles Lindblom argued against the rational-comprehensive model that policy makers can never identify all the alternatives and their consequences. They lack the time, they lack the intellectual capacity and information (intelligence) to analyse everything, and comprehensive analysis is too costly. So they proceed by 'muddling through', making small incremental changes.

'Environment' is not among the limits he named in this argument, so options containing (4) are wrong.

Discuss in Forum

49.

According to Barret and Fudge, on which of the following aspects does policy implementation depends Choose wrong option.

A.Knowing what you want to do
B.Availability of resources
C.Ability to control these resources
D.Ability to manipulate resources

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: D

The wrong option is ability to manipulate resources.

Susan Barrett and Colin Fudge, following the classic account of implementation, say that it depends on knowing what you want to do, the availability of the required resources, and the ability to marshal and control these resources to achieve what you want.

Manipulating resources is not one of these conditions, so it is the option to choose as wrong. The other three are taken straight from the account.

Discuss in Forum

50.

According to Dror, which of the following is a policy making stage ?

A.Determining policy making strategy
B.Establishing operational goals with some order of priority
C.Motivating the execution of policy
D.Processing problems

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: B

The policy making stage is establishing operational goals with some order of priority.

Yehezkel Dror's optimal model divides policy making into three stages. Meta-policy making covers processing values, reality and problems, developing resources, designing the policy making system and determining the policy making strategy. Policy making proper includes allocating resources, establishing operational goals in order of priority, preparing and comparing alternatives. Post-policy making covers motivating the execution of policy, executing it and evaluating it.

So determining strategy and processing problems are meta-policy phases, and motivating execution is post-policy.

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