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Ecosystems and Biodiversity Questions and Answers

211.

What is common feature among the following ?
Abies delavayi
Aconitum diennorrhzum
Adinandra griffthii
Aglaia perviridis

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: C

The four names are Abies delavayi, Aconitum diennorrhizum, Adinandra griffithii and Aglaia perviridis, plants of the Indian Himalayan and north-eastern region that appear on lists of endangered species, so the common feature is that all are identified as endangered. They cannot all be gymnosperms or all angiosperms, because Abies is a conifer (gymnosperm) while Aconitum, Adinandra and Aglaia are flowering plants (angiosperms). They are not extinct, since they are still recorded in the wild.

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212.

Raunkiaer's normal biological spectrum for phanerogamic flora of the world exhibits one of the following sequence of occurrence (%) of different life forms.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

Raunkiaer's normal spectrum gives the shares of life forms in the world flora: phanerophytes about 46 percent, hemicryptophytes about 26, therophytes about 13, chamaephytes about 9 and cryptophytes about 6. Arranged from the largest to the smallest this reads phanerophytes, hemicryptophytes, therophytes, chamaephytes, cryptophytes. The first option swaps the last two, the third places cryptophytes before therophytes, and the fourth puts chamaephytes second, so none of them matches the spectrum.

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213.

Which one of the following is an Ex-situ method of biodiversity conservation ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: D

Ex-situ conservation keeps biological material outside its natural habitat, and seed storage in seed banks, DNA banks that hold genetic material, and tissue culture that maintains plant cells and tissue in vitro are all examples. Since every one of the three listed methods is ex-situ, the answer is 'all the above'. In-situ methods, in contrast, protect species in their natural habitat in places such as national parks, sanctuaries and biosphere reserves.

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214.

The primary producers in the marine ecosystem are

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The primary producers of the marine ecosystem are cyanobacteria and algae. Phytoplankton, the microscopic algae such as diatoms and dinoflagellates together with photosynthetic cyanobacteria such as Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, fix most of the carbon in the sea. Eubacteria in general are mostly decomposers or consumers, and protozoans are heterotrophs that feed on other organisms, so options naming them are wrong, and 'all of the above' is wrong for the same reason.

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215.

Mycorrhizae can be used as biofertilizers because they

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: C

Mycorrhizae are used as biofertilizers because they help plants take up phosphate: the fungal hyphae extend the absorbing area of the root and mobilise or solubilise soil phosphorus and carry it to the plant. They do not fix atmospheric nitrogen, which is done by Rhizobium, Azotobacter and cyanobacteria, and they do not fix carbon dioxide, which is done by the photosynthesising plant. Protection against pathogens is a side benefit and not the reason for use as a biofertilizer.

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216.

Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R).

Assertion (A) : Some plants with mycorrhizal fungi are able to occupy habitats that otherwise could not inhabit.
Reason (R) : The importance of mycorrhizal plant interaction is attested by the fact that 95% of all plants have mycorrhizae.
Choose the correct answer :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

Both statements are true and the reason explains the assertion. Mycorrhizal fungi widen the absorbing area of roots and mobilise nutrients and water, so plants that have them can occupy habitats where they could not otherwise grow. The fact that about 95 percent of all plants have mycorrhizae shows how important the association is, which supports the assertion. Option B would apply only if the reason were unrelated to the assertion, and options C and D need a false statement.

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217.

An interactive association between two populations in which one population benefits from the association, while the other is not affected, is

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: C

When one population benefits from an association and the other is not affected, the interaction is commensalism, written (+, 0). Mutualism benefits both populations (+, +), neutralism affects neither (0, 0), and symbiosis is the general term for a close living-together association, which can be mutualistic, commensal or parasitic, so it is not specific to the benefit-and-no-effect case described. Examples are a barnacle growing on a whale, which gains a place to live while the whale is unaffected, and an orchid growing on a tree.

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218.

Reserve food material in algae is

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

The reserve food material in algae is starch in green algae and a related starch, floridean starch, in red algae, with laminarin in brown algae, and it is stored in the chloroplast or cytoplasm. Cellulose is a structural carbohydrate that forms the cell wall and is not a storage product, and protein is not the main reserve, so 'none of the above' is also wrong. Starch is the keyed answer. Brown algae store laminarin and mannitol, which are also carbohydrate reserves, so they are not proteins or cellulose either.

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219.

A selective Lignin degrading fungus belongs to

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: C

White-rot fungi, for example Phanerochaete chrysosporium, degrade lignin selectively and leave the whitish cellulose behind, so a selective lignin degrader belongs to the white-rot group. Brown-rot fungi attack cellulose and hemicellulose and leave the brown lignin, and soft-rot fungi break down cellulose in very wet wood. Red-rot is not a standard category of wood-decay fungi, so it is wrong. The lignin is broken down by enzymes such as lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase, which is the reason that these fungi are studied for biopulping and for degrading pollutants.

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220.

An organism's niche is

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: C

The key defines an organism's niche as the functional role it plays where it lives, its 'profession' in the community, such as what it eats, what eats it and how it affects the environment. The environment in which it lives, with all the biological and physical factors, is its habitat or surroundings and is not the niche, and the range of temperature that it needs is only a single dimension of the niche. The first option is a close paraphrase of the niche idea, but the key chooses the functional-role wording.

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