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Indian Stratigraphy Questions and Answers

1.

The Siwalik sequence represents the fluvial deposition of the Himalayan foreland basin while the marine sequence is marked by :

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

The marine sequence is the Subathu Formation.

The Himalayan foreland basin fill begins with the Subathu Formation, shales and limestones of late Palaeocene to middle Eocene age laid down in a shallow sea before the Tethys finally closed. Above it the sediments become continental: the Dagshai and Kasauli (and Murree) red beds, followed by the fluvial Siwalik molasse.

The Murree Formation and the Kasauli Group are continental, not marine, and the Pinjor Formation is part of the Siwalik sequence itself, so none of them marks the marine phase.

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2.

Stratigraphic position of Lameta Beds is :

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

The Lameta Beds are Infratrappean.

The Lameta Formation of central India consists of Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) sandstones, limestones and clays, famous for dinosaur bones and eggs. They lie directly beneath the Deccan Trap lava flows, so they are infra (below) trappean.

Intertrappean beds are the thin sediments sandwiched between successive lava flows, and supra- or post-trappean deposits lie above the traps; the Lameta Beds belong to neither position.

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3.

The Krol-Tal boundary in the Lesser Himalaya represents :

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

The Krol-Tal boundary represents the Neoproterozoic - Cambrian transition.

The Krol Group of the Lesser Himalaya is Ediacaran (latest Neoproterozoic), and the overlying Tal Group contains Early Cambrian fossils, including small shelly fossils, so the boundary between them is studied as one of the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary sections.

The Cambro-Ordovician, Jurassic-Cretaceous and Cretaceous-Tertiary boundaries are all much younger and are not represented by the Krol-Tal contact.

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4.

What is the age of most of sandstone reservoir rock in the Cambay Basin ?

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

Most of the sandstone reservoirs in the Cambay Basin are of Eocene age.

The Cambay Basin of Gujarat is a Tertiary rift basin. Its principal oil and gas reservoirs are Eocene sandstones such as those of the Kalol and Ankleshwar formations and the Hazad member, sealed by Eocene shales and charged from the Eocene Cambay Shale source rock.

Palaeocene rocks lie at the base of the fill and include the volcanic-derived Olpad Formation, while Oligocene and Miocene sediments host only minor accumulations, so they are not where most of the reservoir sandstone lies.

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5.

In central India, which of the following is correct statement in relation to Vindhyan group ?

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

The key's answer is that Vindhyan rocks are thickest along the southern margin of the supergroup, which is a faulted contact.

The Vindhyan basin of central India is bounded on the south by the Son-Narmada lineament, a deep fault zone. The basin subsided most along this margin, so the sedimentary pile is thickest there, in the Son valley sector, where it reaches several kilometres, and it thins northwards onto the Bundelkhand massif.

So the rocks are not thickest near the Bundelkhand massif, nor uniformly along the axis, and the large variation in thickness rules out the statement that there is none.

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6.

In which of the following oil and gas fields is limestone the reservoir rock ?

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

The limestone reservoir is at Bombay High.

Bombay High (Mumbai High), India's largest offshore oil field, discovered in 1974, produces mainly from Miocene limestone (carbonate) reservoirs, the L-II and L-III layers, sealed by shales.

The Cambay basin produces mainly from Palaeogene sandstones and the Krishna-Godavari and Cauvery basins mainly from sandstones as well, so limestone is not their characteristic reservoir rock.

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7.

The correct chronological order (older to younger) of the following stratigraphic units is :

P : Talchir Tillite
Q : Muth Quartzite
R : Umia Ammonite Bed
S : Umaria Marine Bed

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: B

The order from older to younger is Q-P-S-R.

  1. Muth Quartzite: Silurian to Devonian, in the Tethyan Himalaya of Spiti.
  2. Talchir Tillite: latest Carboniferous to earliest Permian, the glacial base of the Gondwana sequence.
  3. Umaria Marine Bed: Early Permian, a marine band within the lower Gondwana sediments of Madhya Pradesh, just above the Talchir.
  4. Umia Ammonite Bed: Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, in the Umia Member of Kutch.

Every other option puts the Jurassic Umia beds or the Permian units below the Palaeozoic Muth Quartzite, or the Umaria bed below the Talchir.

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8.

Match the following stratigraphic units listed in Group I with the precambrian basins in Group II :

Group IGroup II
(a) Badami Group(P) Vindhyan
(b) Kheinjua Fm(Q) Chhattisgarh
(c) Sullavai Group(R) Kaladgi
(d) Papaghani Group(S) Cuddapah
(T) Pranahita Godavari

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: A

The correct match is a-R, b-P, c-T, d-S.

  • Badami Group - Kaladgi basin, Karnataka (it overlies the Kaladgi Supergroup).
  • Kheinjua Formation - Vindhyan basin (part of the Semri Group).
  • Sullavai Group - Pranahita-Godavari valley.
  • Papaghni Group - Cuddapah basin (its lowest group).

The other codes assign the Kheinjua Formation to Chhattisgarh or the Pranahita-Godavari valley, or the Papaghni Group outside the Cuddapah basin, which do not fit.

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9.

Which of the following is associated with Kaladgi Basin ?

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: A

The Badami Group is associated with the Kaladgi Basin.

The Kaladgi Basin of northern Karnataka is a Proterozoic basin on the Dharwar craton. Its fill is the Kaladgi Supergroup of quartzites, shales and limestones, which is unconformably overlain within the same basin by the younger, gently dipping sandstones of the Badami Group.

The Indravati Group fills the Indravati Basin of Chhattisgarh, the Chitravati Group belongs to the Cuddapah Supergroup of Andhra Pradesh, and the Semri Group is the lower part of the Vindhyan Supergroup.

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10.

The highly folded and partly denuded ancient mica-schists, phyllites and slates of Kumaon-Garhwal Himalayas named as :

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: B

The keyed answer is the Vaikrita system.

In his work on the Central Himalaya of Kumaon and Garhwal, Griesbach grouped the ancient, highly folded crystalline schists and related metamorphic rocks under the name Vaikrita system; in the standard Indian stratigraphy texts this is the name given to that sequence in the Kumaon-Garhwal region.

The Haimanta system is the overlying sequence of unfossiliferous Cambrian slates and quartzites, best known from Spiti. The Jutogh series belongs to the Simla area of Himachal Pradesh, and the Salkhalas are the old metamorphic rocks of Kashmir.

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