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Amendment of the Constitution and Basic Structure Questions and Answers

31.

The First Amendment incorporated ______ Article in the Constitution of India in 1951.

Exam Year(s)

TNPSC Group 1 - 2024, TNPSC - 2024,

Answer: A

The First Amendment of 1951 added Article 15(4), allowing special provisions for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes, option A.

Articles 15(1), 15(2) and 15(3) are in the original text of the Constitution.

The Constitution (First Amendment) Act of 1951 followed the Champakam Dorairajan case of 1951, which struck down caste-based reservation in educational institutions of Madras. Parliament then added Article 15(4) to permit special provisions for socially and educationally backward classes, and the Ninth Schedule was also added by the same amendment.

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32.

'Free and compulsory education to all children of the age of 6 to 14 years in such manner as the State may, by law, determine' through ______ Constitutional Amendment Act.

Exam Year(s)

TNPSC Group 1 - 2024, TNPSC - 2024,

Answer: B

The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002 inserted Article 21A, giving free and compulsory education to all children aged 6 to 14 years, option B.

The 73rd Amendment concerns Panchayats, the 72nd and 80th are not about the right to education.

The 86th Amendment Act of 2002 made education a fundamental right of children aged 6 to 14 under Article 21A, changed Article 45 and added a new fundamental duty in Article 51A(k). The Right to Education Act of 2009 was passed later to give effect to it.

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33.

Arrange the following events in chronological order.

1. Golaknath v/s State of Punjab
2. Keshvananda Bharati v/s State of Kerala
3. Minerva Mills Ltd. v/s State of India
4. A.K. Gopalan v/s State of Madras

Exam Year(s)

TNPSC Group 1 - 2025, TNPSC - 2025,

Answer: C

The correct chronological order is A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950), Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967), Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) and Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980), that is 4, 1, 2, 3.

Golaknath held that Parliament could not amend fundamental rights, Kesavananda laid down the basic structure doctrine, and Minerva Mills applied it to strike down parts of the 42nd Amendment. Orders that put Minerva Mills before Kesavananda are wrong.

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34.

"Co-operative Societies" gave a constitutional status under

Exam Year(s)

TNPSC Group 1 - 2025, TNPSC - 2025,

Answer: A

Co-operative societies were given constitutional status by the 97th Constitutional Amendment, 2011, which added Part IXB (Articles 243ZH to 243ZT) and made the right to form co-operative societies a fundamental right under Article 19(1)(c).

The other ranges of article numbers given do not exist in this part of the Constitution.

Article 243ZI to 243ZK deal with incorporation of societies, board of directors and election of members, and the 97th Amendment also added Article 43B as a directive principle.

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35.

The 108th Constitutional Amendment Bill deals with

Exam Year(s)

Tripura Public Service Commission - 2014,

Answer: A

The 108th Amendment Bill dealt with reservation of seats for women in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies.

The Constitution (108th Amendment) Bill, 2008, the Women's Reservation Bill, proposed reserving one-third of the seats in the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies for women. The Rajya Sabha passed it in March 2010, but it lapsed without passing the Lok Sabha. Women's reservation was finally enacted in 2023 as the 106th Amendment Act.

Free and compulsory education came through the 86th Amendment (2002), and the judicial appointments commission through the 99th Amendment (2014).

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36.

Right to Property was dropped from the list of Fundamental Rights by the

Exam Year(s)

Tripura Public Service Commission - 2014,

Answer: A

The Right to Property was dropped by the 44th amendment.

The 44th Amendment Act, 1978, repealed Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31, which had made property a Fundamental Right, and put the right in a new Article 300A as a constitutional (legal) right: no one shall be deprived of property save by authority of law.

The 42nd Amendment (1976) added 'socialist' and 'secular' and the Fundamental Duties, the 73rd (1992) dealt with panchayats, and the 86th (2002) made elementary education a fundamental right.

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37.

The Right to Property ceased to be a Fundamental Right and became only a legal right according to the

Exam Year(s)

Tripura Public Service Commission - 2021,

Answer: C

It was the 44th amendment.

The Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978 deleted the right to property from Part III (Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31). It was placed in a new Article 300A, which says no person shall be deprived of property save by authority of law, making it a constitutional and legal right but no longer a fundamental right.

The 42nd amendment (1976) added 'socialist' and 'secular' to the Preamble and the Fundamental Duties. The 38th and 36th amendments dealt with emergency powers and the admission of Sikkim.

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38.

Which Constitutional amendment lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 years ?

Exam Year(s)

Tripura Public Service Commission - 2026,

Answer: C

The voting age was lowered by the 61st Amendment.

The Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act, 1988, amended Article 326 to reduce the voting age for Lok Sabha and Assembly elections from 21 to 18 years. It came into force in March 1989.

The 42nd Amendment (1976) is the 'mini-Constitution' that added Fundamental Duties, the 44th (1978) removed the right to property from Part III, and the 69th (1991) created the National Capital Territory of Delhi.

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39.

The theory of basic structure of the Constitution was propounded by Supreme Court of India in which of the following case ;

Exam Year(s)

Tripura Public Service Commission - 2019,

Answer: C

The theory was propounded in Keshavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala.

In 1973 a 13-judge bench held, by a majority of seven to six, that Parliament can amend any part of the Constitution under Article 368 but cannot alter its basic structure.

The other cases come before and after. A.K. Gopalan vs State of Madras (1950) read personal liberty under Article 21 narrowly. Golaknath vs State of Punjab (1967) held that Parliament could not amend fundamental rights at all. Minerva Mills vs Union of India (1980) applied the basic structure doctrine already laid down, striking down parts of the 42nd Amendment.

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40.

The principle of basic structure in the Constitution was established in the case :

Exam Year(s)

Tripura Public Service Commission - 2019,

Answer: D

The answer is None of the above.

The basic structure doctrine was laid down in Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala (1973), where a 13-judge bench held by 7 to 6 that Parliament may amend any part of the Constitution but cannot destroy its basic structure. That case is not among the options.

Golak Nath (1967) held that Parliament could not amend Fundamental Rights at all, a position Kesavananda replaced. Minerva Mills (1980) applied the doctrine to strike down parts of the 42nd Amendment, and Indra Sawhney (1992) is the reservations case.

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