Attention, Perception, Learning and Memory Questions and Answers

161.

Learning is knowledge acquisition through cognitive processing of information. Who among the following holds this view ?

A.Dollard and Miller
B.Edward Tolman
C.Albert Bandura
D.Michael Posner

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: D

The view that learning is the acquisition of knowledge through the cognitive processing of information is held by Michael Posner, a cognitive psychologist known for his work on attention and information processing.

Dollard and Miller explained learning through drive, cue, response and reward, Tolman's cognitive map is a cognitive notion but within a behavioural framework, and Bandura's social learning stresses modelling. The key gives Posner for the information processing view.

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162.

Match List - I with List - II and indicate your answer using the codes given below :

List - I (Psychologists)	List - II (Theoretical Model)
p. Broadbent	1. Late selection model
q. Deutsch and Deutsch	2. Attenuation model
r. Treisman	3. Capacity model
s. Kahneman	4. Filter model

Codes : p q r s

A.2 4 3 1
B.4 1 2 3
C.1 3 4 2
D.3 2 1 4

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The correct matching is p-4, q-1, r-2, s-3. Broadbent proposed the filter model of attention, Deutsch and Deutsch the late selection model, Treisman the attenuation model, and Kahneman the capacity model.

The other codes give the filter model to Treisman or the capacity model to Broadbent, which is not so. Only 4 1 2 3 matches every name with its model.

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163.

"Any activity can be a reinforcer if a contingency schedule constrains an animal's access to that activity." This is known as

A.Instinctual drift
B.Disequilibrium hypothesis
C.Premack Principle
D.Concurrent reinforcement schedule

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The statement that any activity can be a reinforcer if a contingency schedule restricts access to it is the disequilibrium hypothesis (Timberlake and Allison). An activity becomes reinforcing when the schedule prevents the animal from engaging in it at its preferred level.

The Premack principle is the earlier idea that a more probable behaviour reinforces a less probable one, instinctual drift is the return of instinctive behaviour to learned responses, and a concurrent schedule is a pair of schedules in operation at once. So the disequilibrium hypothesis is the one stated.

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164.

Match the learning concepts and their explanations given below. Use the following codes :

List - I (Learning Concepts)	List - II (Explanations)
p. Drive	1. The learner must do something.
q. Cue	2. The learner must attend something.
r. Response	3. The learner's behaviour must get him/her something he/she wants.
s. Reinforcement	4. The learner must want something.

Codes : p q r s

A.1 2 3 4
B.2 3 4 1
C.4 2 1 3
D.3 4 1 2

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: C

The correct matching is p-4, q-2, r-1, s-3. A drive means the learner must want something, a cue means the learner must attend to something, a response means the learner must do something, and reinforcement means that the behaviour must get the learner something he or she wants.

These are the four elements of Dollard and Miller's account of learning. The other codes give 'must do something' to the drive or 'must want something' to the response, which does not agree with the meaning.

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165.

Read each of the following two statements - Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and indicate your answer using the codes given below :

Assertion (A) : Vigilance refers to a person attending to a field of stimulation over a prolonged period of time in which the person seeks to detect the appearance of a particular target stimulus.
Reason (R) : Signal Detection Theory suggests that detection of stimuli depends on their physical energy and on internal factors.
Codes :

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
B.Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
D.(A) is false, but (R) is true.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

Both statements are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Vigilance is attending to a field of stimulation over a long period to detect a target, and signal detection theory explains how detection depends on the physical energy of the stimulus and on internal factors such as expectation and motivation.

Since vigilance performance is analysed in signal detection terms, (R) explains (A). The options which deny either statement or the explanation are wrong.

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166.

The fact that a nearer object may obscure a more distant object from the view is due to :

A.Figure and ground
B.Proximity
C.Interposition
D.Closure

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: C

The fact that a nearer object may block the view of a more distant object is due to interposition (overlap), a monocular cue to depth: the object that overlaps the other is seen as closer. Figure and ground is about separating an object from its background, proximity is a Gestalt law of grouping by nearness, and closure is a Gestalt tendency to complete incomplete figures, so none of these concerns one object hiding another to signal depth.

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167.

Match List-I with List-II and indicate your answer with the help of codes given below :

List - I (Phenomenon)	List - II (Psychologist)
p. Learned helplessness	1. Bandura
q. Cognitive map	2. Seligman
r. Observational learning	3. Wolpe
s. Systematic desensitization	4. Tolman

A.2 4 1 3
B.3 4 2 1
C.1 3 4 2
D.4 2 3 1

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

The pairs are: learned helplessness belongs to Seligman (2), the cognitive map to Tolman (4), observational learning to Bandura (1), and systematic desensitization to Wolpe (3). So p-2, q-4, r-1, s-3 and the code is 2 4 1 3. The second code gives learned helplessness to Wolpe, the third gives it to Bandura, and the fourth gives it to Tolman, and in each case the first pair is wrong, so only the first code is correct.

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168.

Match List-I with List-II and indicate your answer using the codes given below :

List - I (Presentation of reinforcement)	List - II (Type of reinforcement)
p. An unpleasant stimulus is presented to decrease behaviour	1. Positive reinforcement
q. An unpleasant stimulus is removed to increase behaviour	2. Negative reinforcement
r. A pleasant stimulus is presented to increase behaviour	3. Positive punishment
s. A pleasant stimulus is removed to decrease behaviour	4. Negative punishment

A.1 2 3 4
B.2 3 4 1
C.4 1 3 2
D.3 2 1 4

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: D

The pairs are: an unpleasant stimulus presented to decrease behaviour is positive punishment (3); an unpleasant stimulus removed to increase behaviour is negative reinforcement (2); a pleasant stimulus presented to increase behaviour is positive reinforcement (1); and a pleasant stimulus removed to decrease behaviour is negative punishment (4). The code is 3 2 1 4. The other codes confuse reinforcement with punishment, for example the first code calls the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus positive reinforcement.

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169.

Short term memory is capable of holding approximately how many items of unrelated information ?

A.one
B.two to four
C.five to nine
D.ten to twelve

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: C

Short term memory can hold approximately five to nine items of unrelated information, the 'magical number seven, plus or minus two' of George Miller. Chunking can raise the amount of information held. One item or two to four would be too small and ten to twelve too large for the typical span of unrelated items such as digits or letters, so five to nine is correct. Items held in short-term memory fade within about 20 to 30 seconds unless they are rehearsed, and the span of five to nine items refers to unrelated items such as random digits.

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170.

Learning of fears is best explained by :

A.Operant conditioning
B.Classical conditioning
C.Observational learning
D.Latent learning

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

Learning of fears is best explained by classical conditioning: a neutral stimulus paired with a fear-arousing unconditioned stimulus comes to evoke fear by itself, as in Watson and Rayner's study of the child Albert and the white rat. Operant conditioning deals with behaviour shaped by its consequences, observational learning is learning by watching others, and latent learning is learning that is not shown until a reward is given, so classical conditioning is the answer.

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