Learner and Learning Process Questions and Answers

Q: According to Allport's theory of personality, sincerity trait is related to ............................ .

Sincerity is a central trait.Gordon Allport classified personal traits into three kinds. Cardinal traits dominate a whole life and are rare, such as the self-sacrifice of Mother Teresa. Central traits are the five to ten characteristics that describe a person well and appear across many situations, such as honesty, sincerity, kindness or sociability. Secondary traits are narrower preferences or attitudes that appear only in some situations, such as a liking for a particular food.Sincerity is a broad, general disposition but not life-dominating, so it is central. 'Primary traits' is not one of Allport's categories.

Q: The characteristics of personality of sonal is pessimistic, unsociable and reserved. Then according to Sheldon's classification she is included in ................ personality type.

Sonal belongs to the ectomorphic type.Sheldon linked three body types to three temperaments. The ectomorph, thin and fragile, has the cerebrotonic temperament: restrained, inhibited, sensitive, fond of privacy and solitude. Being pessimistic, unsociable and reserved fits this type.The endomorph, soft and rounded, is viscerotonic: sociable, relaxed and comfort-loving. The mesomorph, muscular, is somatotonic: energetic, assertive and adventurous. Asthenic is a type from Kretschmer's classification, not Sheldon's.

Q: Anita hesitates to talk to strangers. According to Eyesenck's view of personality Anita's behaviour falls in ............. .

Anita's behaviour falls at the level of habitual response.Eysenck described personality as a hierarchy of four levels. At the bottom are specific responses, single acts seen once. When the same response recurs in similar situations it becomes a habitual response. Related habitual responses group into traits, such as shyness or sociability, and related traits group into types, such as introversion-extraversion.Hesitating to talk to strangers is a regular way of responding to a recurring situation, so the paper places it at the habitual-response level. It would become part of a trait or type only when combined with other related habits, so 'trait' and 'introversion (type)' describe higher levels, and a specific response would be a single act.

Q: When Anil get failure in sport competition and says 'i could not get sufficient time', He is satisfying himself. This is an example of .............. defence mechanism.

This is an example of rationalization.Rationalization is the defence mechanism in which a person gives a plausible but false reason for a failure or an unacceptable act, to protect self-esteem. Anil blames lack of time for his defeat, an acceptable excuse that saves him from facing his real shortcomings, and the excuse satisfies him.Repression pushes painful memories out of awareness, regression is a return to childish behaviour under stress, and projection attributes one's own faults or impulses to someone else. If Anil had blamed his opponent or the referee for cheating, that would be projection.

Q: ................... is not a characteristic of integrated personality.

Aggression is not a characteristic of an integrated personality.An integrated personality is one in which the physical, emotional, social and intellectual aspects work together in harmony. Such a person is healthy, emotionally balanced, adjusts well to others and is co-operative and pleasant in behaviour.Aggression, a tendency to attack or hurt others, shows emotional imbalance and poor adjustment, the opposite of integration. Good health, a co-operative nature and endearing behaviour are all marks of a well-integrated personality.

Q: ............................ is not a characteristic of growth and development.

The one that is not a characteristic of growth and development is the principle of motivation.The principles of development in educational psychology include continuity (development is a continuous process from conception to maturity), integration (movement from the whole to the parts and back to an integrated whole), interrelation (physical, mental, social and emotional aspects affect one another), and others such as uniformity of pattern, proceeding from general to specific, and individual differences.Motivation is a principle of learning, the energising of behaviour towards goals. It affects how a child learns, but it is not a characteristic of the process of growth and development itself.

Q: ..................... is higher type of thinking process.

On the key's reading, the higher type of thinking is reflective thinking.John Dewey, in How We Think (1910), described reflective thinking as the active, persistent and careful consideration of a belief in the light of the grounds that support it. Educational psychology textbooks treat it as the highest form of thinking because it includes the others: it begins with a felt difficulty, defines the problem, suggests and reasons out hypotheses, tests them and reaches a conclusion.Problem solving, reasoning and critical thinking are each treated as components or applications of that process, which is why the key ranks reflective thinking above them.

Q: ............................ spent a number of years in counting the words which were used in popular magazines, children's books etc.

The word counts were made by E. L. Thorndike and I. Lorge (the paper prints E.I. Thorndike).Edward Thorndike and Irving Lorge spent years counting how often words occurred in magazines, books for children, textbooks and other reading matter. The result was The Teacher's Word Book of 30,000 Words (1944), a frequency list that teachers and textbook writers used to choose vocabulary suited to each grade, and which also underlay readability work.Pavlov studied classical conditioning in dogs and Skinner operant conditioning; neither worked with Thorndike on word counts. The fourth name is not associated with the project.

Q: The children of heighted parents will tend to be average height. This statement is related to law of ...................... of heredity.

The statement relates to the law of regression.Francis Galton, measuring the heights of parents and their adult children, found that children of very tall parents were on average shorter than their parents, and children of very short parents taller, so that offspring tend to move back towards the average of the population. He called this regression towards mediocrity, now regression to the mean.The law of similarity says like begets like, which would predict tall children for tall parents. The law of variation says children differ from their parents and from one another, without giving the direction. 'Contrast' is not a recognised law of heredity.

11.

According to Allport's theory of personality, sincerity trait is related to ............................ .

A.Primary traits
B.Secondary traits
C.Cardinal traits
D.Central traits

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: D

Sincerity is a central trait.

Gordon Allport classified personal traits into three kinds. Cardinal traits dominate a whole life and are rare, such as the self-sacrifice of Mother Teresa. Central traits are the five to ten characteristics that describe a person well and appear across many situations, such as honesty, sincerity, kindness or sociability. Secondary traits are narrower preferences or attitudes that appear only in some situations, such as a liking for a particular food.

Sincerity is a broad, general disposition but not life-dominating, so it is central. 'Primary traits' is not one of Allport's categories.

Discuss in Forum

12.

The characteristics of personality of sonal is pessimistic, unsociable and reserved. Then according to Sheldon's classification she is included in ................ personality type.

A.Endomorphic
B.Mesomorphic
C.Ectomorphic
D.Asthenic

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

Sonal belongs to the ectomorphic type.

Sheldon linked three body types to three temperaments. The ectomorph, thin and fragile, has the cerebrotonic temperament: restrained, inhibited, sensitive, fond of privacy and solitude. Being pessimistic, unsociable and reserved fits this type.

The endomorph, soft and rounded, is viscerotonic: sociable, relaxed and comfort-loving. The mesomorph, muscular, is somatotonic: energetic, assertive and adventurous. Asthenic is a type from Kretschmer's classification, not Sheldon's.

Discuss in Forum

13.

Anita hesitates to talk to strangers. According to Eyesenck's view of personality Anita's behaviour falls in ............. .

A.introversion (type)
B.trait
C.habitual response
D.specific response

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

Anita's behaviour falls at the level of habitual response.

Eysenck described personality as a hierarchy of four levels. At the bottom are specific responses, single acts seen once. When the same response recurs in similar situations it becomes a habitual response. Related habitual responses group into traits, such as shyness or sociability, and related traits group into types, such as introversion-extraversion.

Hesitating to talk to strangers is a regular way of responding to a recurring situation, so the paper places it at the habitual-response level. It would become part of a trait or type only when combined with other related habits, so 'trait' and 'introversion (type)' describe higher levels, and a specific response would be a single act.

Discuss in Forum

14.

When Anil get failure in sport competition and says 'i could not get sufficient time', He is satisfying himself. This is an example of .............. defence mechanism.

A.Repression
B.Regression
C.Projection
D.Rationalization

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: D

This is an example of rationalization.

Rationalization is the defence mechanism in which a person gives a plausible but false reason for a failure or an unacceptable act, to protect self-esteem. Anil blames lack of time for his defeat, an acceptable excuse that saves him from facing his real shortcomings, and the excuse satisfies him.

Repression pushes painful memories out of awareness, regression is a return to childish behaviour under stress, and projection attributes one's own faults or impulses to someone else. If Anil had blamed his opponent or the referee for cheating, that would be projection.

Discuss in Forum

15.

................... is not a characteristic of integrated personality.

A.Good health
B.Co-operative nature
C.Endearing behaviour
D.Aggression

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: D

Aggression is not a characteristic of an integrated personality.

An integrated personality is one in which the physical, emotional, social and intellectual aspects work together in harmony. Such a person is healthy, emotionally balanced, adjusts well to others and is co-operative and pleasant in behaviour.

Aggression, a tendency to attack or hurt others, shows emotional imbalance and poor adjustment, the opposite of integration. Good health, a co-operative nature and endearing behaviour are all marks of a well-integrated personality.

Discuss in Forum

16.

According to Piaget's developmental theory, in ........................ stage child can learns that symbols represent something else.

A.Sensori-motor
B.Pre-operational
C.Concrete operational
D.Formal operational

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

The child learns that symbols represent something else in the pre-operational stage.

Piaget's pre-operational stage runs from about 2 to 7 years. Its key achievement is the symbolic (semiotic) function: the child uses words, images and objects to stand for other things, as in language, drawing and pretend play, where a stick becomes a horse. Thinking is still egocentric and lacks conservation.

In the sensori-motor stage (birth to 2) the infant knows the world through action and is only beginning to form mental representations. Concrete operational children (7 to 11) reason logically about concrete objects, and formal operational thinkers (11 onwards) reason abstractly and hypothetically.

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17.

............................ is not a characteristic of growth and development.

A.Principle of continuity
B.Principle of motivation
C.Principle of integration
D.Principle of interrelation

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

The one that is not a characteristic of growth and development is the principle of motivation.

The principles of development in educational psychology include continuity (development is a continuous process from conception to maturity), integration (movement from the whole to the parts and back to an integrated whole), interrelation (physical, mental, social and emotional aspects affect one another), and others such as uniformity of pattern, proceeding from general to specific, and individual differences.

Motivation is a principle of learning, the energising of behaviour towards goals. It affects how a child learns, but it is not a characteristic of the process of growth and development itself.

Discuss in Forum

18.

..................... is higher type of thinking process.

A.Problem solving
B.Critical thinking
C.Reasoning
D.Reflective thinking

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: D

On the key's reading, the higher type of thinking is reflective thinking.

John Dewey, in How We Think (1910), described reflective thinking as the active, persistent and careful consideration of a belief in the light of the grounds that support it. Educational psychology textbooks treat it as the highest form of thinking because it includes the others: it begins with a felt difficulty, defines the problem, suggests and reasons out hypotheses, tests them and reaches a conclusion.

Problem solving, reasoning and critical thinking are each treated as components or applications of that process, which is why the key ranks reflective thinking above them.

Discuss in Forum

19.

............................ spent a number of years in counting the words which were used in popular magazines, children's books etc.

A.E.I. Thorndike and I. Lorge
B.E.I. Thorndike and Pavlov
C.E.I. Thorndike and Skinner
D.E.I. Thorndike and M. Lord

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

The word counts were made by E. L. Thorndike and I. Lorge (the paper prints E.I. Thorndike).

Edward Thorndike and Irving Lorge spent years counting how often words occurred in magazines, books for children, textbooks and other reading matter. The result was The Teacher's Word Book of 30,000 Words (1944), a frequency list that teachers and textbook writers used to choose vocabulary suited to each grade, and which also underlay readability work.

Pavlov studied classical conditioning in dogs and Skinner operant conditioning; neither worked with Thorndike on word counts. The fourth name is not associated with the project.

Discuss in Forum

20.

The children of heighted parents will tend to be average height. This statement is related to law of ...................... of heredity.

A.Similarity
B.Variation
C.Regression
D.Contrast

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

The statement relates to the law of regression.

Francis Galton, measuring the heights of parents and their adult children, found that children of very tall parents were on average shorter than their parents, and children of very short parents taller, so that offspring tend to move back towards the average of the population. He called this regression towards mediocrity, now regression to the mean.

The law of similarity says like begets like, which would predict tall children for tall parents. The law of variation says children differ from their parents and from one another, without giving the direction. 'Contrast' is not a recognised law of heredity.

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