Palaeoclimatology Questions and Answers

Q: The period during which the sun lacned sun spots is referred to as the :

The period without sunspots is the Maunder Minimum.From about 1645 to 1715 astronomers recorded almost no sunspots. E. W. Maunder drew attention to it, and the period coincided with the coldest part of the Little Ice Age in Europe.Milankovitch cycles are long variations in the earth's orbit and tilt that drive ice ages. The 'Year Without a Summer' was 1816, caused by the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, not by a lack of sunspots, and the last ice age ended about 11,700 years ago.

Q: The final closure of the seaway between North and South Americas may have laid to strengthening of the Gulf stream delivering more moisture to feed snow accumulation at the northern high latitude leading to :

The result was the onset of an Ice Age.The rise of the Isthmus of Panama, completed about 3 million years ago, closed the seaway between the Atlantic and the Pacific. Warm Caribbean water was then turned northward, strengthening the Gulf Stream, which carried more heat and moisture to the high northern latitudes. The extra moisture fed snowfall over North America and Scandinavia, and this is one leading explanation for the intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation about 2.7 million years ago, the start of the Pleistocene ice ages.Interglacial warming, a cooling of the Pacific or a heating of the Indian Ocean are not the outcome the hypothesis describes.

Q: The earth wobbles slowly as it spins on its axis. This is known as :

The slow wobble of the Earth's axis is called Precession.The gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon on the Earth's equatorial bulge makes the spin axis trace out a cone, like a wobbling top, over about 26,000 years. Combined with orbital changes, this produces the climatic precession cycle of about 19,000-23,000 years, one of the Milankovitch cycles.Obliquity is the tilt of the axis, varying between about 22.1° and 24.5° over 41,000 years; eccentricity is the changing shape of the orbit over about 100,000 years; and 'variability' is not an orbital parameter.

31.

The period during which the sun lacned sun spots is referred to as the :

A.Milankovitch Mechanism
B.Maunder Minimum
C.Year without a summer
D.Last ICE AGE

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

The period without sunspots is the Maunder Minimum.

From about 1645 to 1715 astronomers recorded almost no sunspots. E. W. Maunder drew attention to it, and the period coincided with the coldest part of the Little Ice Age in Europe.

Milankovitch cycles are long variations in the earth's orbit and tilt that drive ice ages. The 'Year Without a Summer' was 1816, caused by the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, not by a lack of sunspots, and the last ice age ended about 11,700 years ago.

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32.

The marine isotope stage 5 problem refers to the timing of penultimate interglacial which appears to have begun 10 thousand years in advance of :

A.Younger Dryas
B.Last interglacial
C.Last glaciation
D.Solar forcing

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: D

The penultimate interglacial appears to begin about 10,000 years ahead of Solar forcing.

Milankovitch theory says glacial terminations are triggered by rising Northern Hemisphere summer insolation, the orbital (solar) forcing. For the last interglacial, marine isotope stage 5e, several records, notably the Devils Hole calcite record from Nevada, date the warming and the rise in sea level to about 140,000 years ago, roughly 10,000 years before the insolation peak that should have caused it. That mismatch is called the stage 5 problem.

The Younger Dryas is a cold event at the end of the last glaciation about 12,900 years ago, and the last interglacial and last glaciation are periods, not the forcing whose timing is in question.

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33.

The final closure of the seaway between North and South Americas may have laid to strengthening of the Gulf stream delivering more moisture to feed snow accumulation at the northern high latitude leading to :

A.Ice Age
B.Interglacial Warming
C.Cooling of Pacific
D.Heating of Indian Ocean

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: A

The result was the onset of an Ice Age.

The rise of the Isthmus of Panama, completed about 3 million years ago, closed the seaway between the Atlantic and the Pacific. Warm Caribbean water was then turned northward, strengthening the Gulf Stream, which carried more heat and moisture to the high northern latitudes. The extra moisture fed snowfall over North America and Scandinavia, and this is one leading explanation for the intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation about 2.7 million years ago, the start of the Pleistocene ice ages.

Interglacial warming, a cooling of the Pacific or a heating of the Indian Ocean are not the outcome the hypothesis describes.

Discuss in Forum

34.

The earth wobbles slowly as it spins on its axis. This is known as :

A.Precession
B.Variability
C.Obliquity
D.Eccentricity

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: A

The slow wobble of the Earth's axis is called Precession.

The gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon on the Earth's equatorial bulge makes the spin axis trace out a cone, like a wobbling top, over about 26,000 years. Combined with orbital changes, this produces the climatic precession cycle of about 19,000-23,000 years, one of the Milankovitch cycles.

Obliquity is the tilt of the axis, varying between about 22.1° and 24.5° over 41,000 years; eccentricity is the changing shape of the orbit over about 100,000 years; and 'variability' is not an orbital parameter.

Discuss in Forum

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