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Human Development and Interventions Questions and Answers

191.

The technique involved in guidance which is called "The heart of the guidance programme" is

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The official answer is the aptitude test. In guidance, measured aptitudes give an objective basis for advising a student on courses and careers, which is why standardised testing is treated as central to a guidance programme.

The case study, the interview and the cumulative record are non-testing techniques that gather and record information, and they supplement test results. This item rests on the key, as the phrase is also applied to counselling and the interview in some texts, and I could not confirm the wording to a single source.

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192.

Match List - I with List - II and indicate your answer using the codes given below :

List - I (Types of development)List - II (Change in person)
a. Social development1. Changes in body structure and function overtime.
b. Emotional development2. Changes in mental processes become more complex and differentiated.
c. Physical development3. Changes overtime in the way we relate to others.
d. Cognitive development4. Changes in hormones that takes place as one grows.

Codes : a b c d

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

Social development is change over time in how we relate to others (3). Emotional development is tied here to changes in hormones as one grows (4). Physical development is change in body structure and function over time (1). Cognitive development is mental processes becoming more complex and differentiated (2). This gives 3, 4, 1, 2.

Cognitive development cannot take 4 or 1, since mental processes are not body structure or hormones, so the codes that give it those are wrong.

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193.

According to Elizabeth Kubler-Ross most people experience predictable stages when they face impending death. Which is the correct sequence of the stages ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

Kubler-Ross described five stages in people facing death: denial, anger, bargaining, depression (called sadness here) and acceptance. The correct sequence is therefore denial, anger, bargaining, sadness, acceptance.

Other orders start with anger, bargaining or acceptance, or put sadness before bargaining. Acceptance comes last, as the stage reached after the person has worked through the earlier reactions, so any option that starts with it cannot be right.

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194.

Which of the following describes the cognitive triad of depression ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The cognitive triad of depression in Beck's theory is a negative view of the self, the world and the future. In the choices it appears as hopelessness, worthlessness and helplessness, the set that expresses these three negative views.

Sleeplessness is a bodily symptom of depression, not part of the thought pattern, so options containing it are wrong. Thoughtlessness is not a feature of the triad either, and options that use it fail.

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195.

In treating which of the following conditions 'mand' is used as the central principle of behaviour modification ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The mand is a request, a verbal operant under the control of a motivating condition, in Skinner's analysis of verbal behaviour. Teaching a child to request items and actions is a key part of behavioural language training in autism, so mand training is central there.

Anxiety is treated with desensitisation or exposure. Anhedonia is the loss of ability to feel pleasure. ADHD is dealt with by attention and reinforcement programmes. None of these uses mand training as its central principle.

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196.

Match List - I with List - II and indicate your answer using the codes given below :

List - I (Concept)List - II (Psychologist)
a. Four A's of Schizophrenia1. Anna Freud
b. Theory of Ego-defense Mechanism2. E. Blenler
c. Separation Anxiety3. H. Selye
d. General Adaptation Syndrome4. Otto Rank

Codes : a b c d

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The four A's of schizophrenia (affect, association, ambivalence, autism) are Eugen Bleuler's (2). The theory of ego defence mechanisms is Anna Freud's (1). Separation anxiety is linked with Otto Rank, who stressed the trauma of birth and separation (4). The general adaptation syndrome is Hans Selye's (3). This gives 2, 1, 4, 3.

Selye with the stress syndrome is the surest pair, and it excludes codes that give GAS to Freud or Bleuler.

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197.

The art of establishing trust, respect and co-operation in a relationship is referred to as

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The art of building trust, respect and co-operation in a relationship is rapport. In counselling and interviewing, rapport is the comfortable, trusting relationship that makes open communication possible.

Personal distance is the space kept between people in interaction. Continuation behaviour is not the term for creating trust. Humour can help build a relationship but is one tool, not the name for the whole process.

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198.

According to Piaget changes in schemes occur due to the following processes :

1. Organization
2. Circular reaction
3. Adaptation
4. Mental representation
Codes :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

In Piaget's theory, changes in schemes occur through organization and adaptation (1 and 3). Organization is combining schemes into systems, and adaptation, which works through assimilation and accommodation, changes them to fit the world.

A circular reaction is a repeated sensorimotor action and is a type of behaviour in infancy, not a process that changes schemes. Mental representation is an achievement at the end of the sensorimotor stage. Options with 2 or 4 are wrong.

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199.

Match List - I with List - II and indicate your answer using codes given below :

List - IList - II
a. Identity diffusion1. Individuals who are exploring alternatives in an effort to find values and goals to guide their life.
b. Identity foreclosure2. Individuals who have explored and committed themselves to self-chosen values and occupational goals.
c. Identity achievement3. Individuals who do not have firm commitments to values and goals and are not actively trying to reach them.
d. Moratorium4. Individuals who have accepted ready-made values and goals that authority figures have chosen for them.

Codes : a b c d

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

In Marcia's identity statuses, identity diffusion is no firm commitment and no active effort (3). Identity foreclosure is accepting ready-made values from authority figures (4). Identity achievement is having explored and committed to self-chosen values and goals (2). Moratorium is exploring alternatives in the search for values and goals (1). This gives 3, 4, 2, 1.

Achievement and moratorium both involve exploration, but only achievement ends in commitment, which separates 2 from 1.

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200.

Cognitive change occurs because of

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

Cognitive change occurs because of cognitive conflict. In Piaget's account, meeting something that does not fit existing schemes produces disequilibrium, and the effort to resolve it drives accommodation and a higher level of understanding.

Cognitive self regulation is control over one's own thinking, which uses change rather than causing it. Cognitive complexity describes how differentiated one's constructs are. Cognitive maturity is the result of development and not its cause.

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