ICT Fundamentals for Libraries Questions and Answers

Q: Assertion (A) : Big data is a product of data being generated constantly and rapidly.Reason (R) : Due to the omnipresence of persoal computing devices and smart phones, indivdiuals generate massive amount of data leading to Big data.

The answer is Both (A) and (R) are true.Assertion (A) is correct: big data arises from data generated continuously and at high speed, the velocity that is one of its defining features along with volume and variety.Reason (R) is also correct: the spread of personal computing devices and smartphones means individuals produce huge amounts of data every day through messages, photos, location data, searches and social media, and that is a major source of big data. Since both statements hold (the paper misprints 'personal' and 'individuals'), the options marking either one false are wrong.

Q: Statement (A) : Web 1.0 is "Read only web".Statement (B) : 'Skype' is an example of Web 1.0.

(A) is true but (B) is false.Web 1.0, the early web of the 1990s, consisted mostly of static pages published by a few and read by many, so it is described as the 'read-only web'. Statement A is true.Skype is a real-time voice, video and chat service in which users communicate and create content with one another. That interactive, two-way communication belongs to the later, participatory web (Web 2.0), not to the read-only Web 1.0. So Statement B is false, and the options calling it true are wrong.

Q: Assertion (A) : You are not allowed to upload videos to YouTube. It is a paid service.Reason (R) : YouTube is a service of Google.

(A) is false, but (R) is true.Assertion A is false: anyone with an account can upload videos to YouTube free of charge. Most of YouTube is free to use, and the paid subscriptions it offers are optional extras such as ad-free viewing.Reason R is true: YouTube, founded in 2005, was bought by Google in 2006 and is run as a Google service.The options calling A true, or calling R false, are therefore wrong.

Q: Inserting spurious data or information into an organization's system to disrupt or overload services is called .................. .

Inserting spurious data into a system is called Fabrication.Security texts classify attacks on information in transit into four kinds. Fabrication is the insertion of counterfeit objects, such as fake messages or records, into a system; it attacks authenticity, and flooding a system with them can disrupt or overload it.Interruption makes an asset unavailable (an attack on availability). Interception is unauthorised access to data, such as eavesdropping (confidentiality). Modification is tampering with existing data (integrity). Only fabrication creates new, false data.

Q: Arrange the following measures according to their Bytes contained in them :(i) Exabyte(ii) Yottabyte(iii) Zettabyte(iv) Petabyte

In increasing order of size: (iv) (i) (iii) (ii).\[ \begin{aligned} \text{Petabyte} &= 10^{15}\ \text{bytes} \\ \text{Exabyte} &= 10^{18}\ \text{bytes} \\ \text{Zettabyte} &= 10^{21}\ \text{bytes} \\ \text{Yottabyte} &= 10^{24}\ \text{bytes} \end{aligned} \]Each unit is a thousand times the one before (or 1024 times in the binary convention): peta, exa, zetta, yotta. The other options put the exabyte before the petabyte or the yottabyte before the zettabyte.

Q: Arrange the following steps in programming in a proper logical sequence :(i) Program code(ii) Program documentation(iii) Program test(iv) Program design

The logical sequence is (iv) (i) (iii) (ii): design, code, test, document.A program is first designed, by working out its logic with algorithms or flowcharts. The design is then written as program code, the code is tested to find and remove errors, and finally the program is documented for users and maintainers.Testing cannot come before the code exists, and coding should not begin before the design, so the options starting with testing or documentation, or putting testing before coding, are wrong. Documentation in practice continues throughout, but as a final step it comes last.

Q: Assertion (A) : Search engines search documents for specified keywords, and returns a list of documents where the keywords were found.Reason (R) : Spider helps the search engines to index the documents.

Both (A) and (R) are true.Assertion A describes what a search engine does for the user: it searches its index for the keywords entered and returns a ranked list of documents in which they occur.Reason R describes how that index is built: a spider (crawler or robot) automatically visits web pages, follows their links and passes their content to the indexer. Without the spider there would be no index to search, so R also explains A.The options calling either statement false are therefore wrong.

Q: Which of the following facets are associated with the session layer ?(i) Dialog control(ii) Token Management(iii) Semantics of the information transmitted(iv) Synchronization

The session layer functions are (i), (ii) and (iv): dialog control, token management and synchronization.In the OSI model the session layer (layer 5) sets up, manages and ends sessions between applications. Its standard functions are dialog control (deciding whose turn it is to transmit), token management (preventing both sides from attempting the same critical operation at once) and synchronization (inserting checkpoints so that a long transfer can resume after a failure).Concern with the syntax and semantics of the information transmitted belongs to the presentation layer (layer 6), so every option including (iii) is wrong.

Q: An attempt to make computer resources unavailable to its intended user is called :

This is a Denial-of-Service-Attack.A denial-of-service (DoS) attack tries to make a computer, network or service unavailable to its legitimate users, typically by flooding it with more requests than it can handle. When the flood comes from many machines at once it is a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack.A virus is malicious code that attaches to files and spreads when they run; a worm spreads by itself across networks. Either can cause damage, but neither is defined by making resources unavailable. A botnet is a network of compromised computers, which may be used to launch a DoS attack but is not the attack itself.

Q: Which layers of the OSI reference model are host to host layers ?(i) Transport layer(ii) Network layer(iii) Session layer(iv) Data link layer

The host-to-host layers among those listed are (i) and (iii): the transport and session layers.The OSI model is often divided into the lower 'media' layers (physical, data link and network), which move data across the network hop by hop, and the upper 'host' layers (transport, session, presentation and application), which operate end to end between the two communicating hosts. The transport layer provides end-to-end delivery and the session layer manages the dialogue between them.The network and data link layers work between neighbouring nodes and routers along the path, so options including (ii) or (iv) are wrong.

31.

Assertion (A) : Big data is a product of data being generated constantly and rapidly.
Reason (R) : Due to the omnipresence of persoal computing devices and smart phones, indivdiuals generate massive amount of data leading to Big data.

A.Both (A) and (R) are true
B.Both (A) and (R) are false
C.(A) is true, but (R) is false
D.(A) is false, but (R) is true

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: A

The answer is Both (A) and (R) are true.

Assertion (A) is correct: big data arises from data generated continuously and at high speed, the velocity that is one of its defining features along with volume and variety.

Reason (R) is also correct: the spread of personal computing devices and smartphones means individuals produce huge amounts of data every day through messages, photos, location data, searches and social media, and that is a major source of big data. Since both statements hold (the paper misprints 'personal' and 'individuals'), the options marking either one false are wrong.

Discuss in Forum

32.

Statement (A) : Web 1.0 is "Read only web".
Statement (B) : 'Skype' is an example of Web 1.0.

A.(A) is true but (B) is false
B.(A) is false but (B) is true
C.Both (A) and (B) are true
D.Both (A) and (B) are false

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: A

(A) is true but (B) is false.

Web 1.0, the early web of the 1990s, consisted mostly of static pages published by a few and read by many, so it is described as the 'read-only web'. Statement A is true.

Skype is a real-time voice, video and chat service in which users communicate and create content with one another. That interactive, two-way communication belongs to the later, participatory web (Web 2.0), not to the read-only Web 1.0. So Statement B is false, and the options calling it true are wrong.

Discuss in Forum

33.

Assertion (A) : You are not allowed to upload videos to YouTube. It is a paid service.
Reason (R) : YouTube is a service of Google.

A.Both (A) and (R) are correct
B.Both (A) and (R) are false
C.(A) is true, but (R) is false
D.(A) is false, but (R) is true

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: D

(A) is false, but (R) is true.

Assertion A is false: anyone with an account can upload videos to YouTube free of charge. Most of YouTube is free to use, and the paid subscriptions it offers are optional extras such as ad-free viewing.

Reason R is true: YouTube, founded in 2005, was bought by Google in 2006 and is run as a Google service.

The options calling A true, or calling R false, are therefore wrong.

Discuss in Forum

34.

Inserting spurious data or information into an organization's system to disrupt or overload services is called .................. .

A.Interruption
B.Interception
C.Modification
D.Fabrication

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: D

Inserting spurious data into a system is called Fabrication.

Security texts classify attacks on information in transit into four kinds. Fabrication is the insertion of counterfeit objects, such as fake messages or records, into a system; it attacks authenticity, and flooding a system with them can disrupt or overload it.

Interruption makes an asset unavailable (an attack on availability). Interception is unauthorised access to data, such as eavesdropping (confidentiality). Modification is tampering with existing data (integrity). Only fabrication creates new, false data.

Discuss in Forum

35.

Arrange the following measures according to their Bytes contained in them :

(i) Exabyte
(ii) Yottabyte
(iii) Zettabyte
(iv) Petabyte

A.(iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
B.(i) (iv) (iii) (ii)
C.(i) (iv) (ii) (iii)
D.(iv) (i) (iii) (ii)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: D

In increasing order of size: (iv) (i) (iii) (ii).

\[ \begin{aligned} \text{Petabyte} &= 10^{15}\ \text{bytes} \\ \text{Exabyte} &= 10^{18}\ \text{bytes} \\ \text{Zettabyte} &= 10^{21}\ \text{bytes} \\ \text{Yottabyte} &= 10^{24}\ \text{bytes} \end{aligned} \]

Each unit is a thousand times the one before (or 1024 times in the binary convention): peta, exa, zetta, yotta. The other options put the exabyte before the petabyte or the yottabyte before the zettabyte.

Discuss in Forum

36.

Arrange the following steps in programming in a proper logical sequence :

(i) Program code
(ii) Program documentation
(iii) Program test
(iv) Program design

A.(iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
B.(iv) (i) (iii) (ii)
C.(iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
D.(ii) (iv) (i) (iii)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: B

The logical sequence is (iv) (i) (iii) (ii): design, code, test, document.

A program is first designed, by working out its logic with algorithms or flowcharts. The design is then written as program code, the code is tested to find and remove errors, and finally the program is documented for users and maintainers.

Testing cannot come before the code exists, and coding should not begin before the design, so the options starting with testing or documentation, or putting testing before coding, are wrong. Documentation in practice continues throughout, but as a final step it comes last.

Discuss in Forum

37.

Assertion (A) : Search engines search documents for specified keywords, and returns a list of documents where the keywords were found.
Reason (R) : Spider helps the search engines to index the documents.

A.Both (A) and (R) are true
B.Both (A) and (R) are false
C.(A) is true, but (R) is false
D.(A) is false, but (R) is true

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: A

Both (A) and (R) are true.

Assertion A describes what a search engine does for the user: it searches its index for the keywords entered and returns a ranked list of documents in which they occur.

Reason R describes how that index is built: a spider (crawler or robot) automatically visits web pages, follows their links and passes their content to the indexer. Without the spider there would be no index to search, so R also explains A.

The options calling either statement false are therefore wrong.

Discuss in Forum

38.

Which of the following facets are associated with the session layer ?

(i) Dialog control
(ii) Token Management
(iii) Semantics of the information transmitted
(iv) Synchronization

A.(i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
B.(i), (ii) and (iv) are correct
C.(ii), (iii) and (iv) are correct
D.(i), (iii) and (iv) are correct

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2020, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: B

The session layer functions are (i), (ii) and (iv): dialog control, token management and synchronization.

In the OSI model the session layer (layer 5) sets up, manages and ends sessions between applications. Its standard functions are dialog control (deciding whose turn it is to transmit), token management (preventing both sides from attempting the same critical operation at once) and synchronization (inserting checkpoints so that a long transfer can resume after a failure).

Concern with the syntax and semantics of the information transmitted belongs to the presentation layer (layer 6), so every option including (iii) is wrong.

Discuss in Forum

39.

An attempt to make computer resources unavailable to its intended user is called :

A.Virus attack
B.Worm attack
C.Denial-of-Service-Attack
D.Botnet process

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: C

This is a Denial-of-Service-Attack.

A denial-of-service (DoS) attack tries to make a computer, network or service unavailable to its legitimate users, typically by flooding it with more requests than it can handle. When the flood comes from many machines at once it is a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack.

A virus is malicious code that attaches to files and spreads when they run; a worm spreads by itself across networks. Either can cause damage, but neither is defined by making resources unavailable. A botnet is a network of compromised computers, which may be used to launch a DoS attack but is not the attack itself.

Discuss in Forum

40.

Which layers of the OSI reference model are host to host layers ?

(i) Transport layer
(ii) Network layer
(iii) Session layer
(iv) Data link layer

A.(i) and (ii) are correct
B.(ii) and (iii) are correct
C.(i) and (iii) are correct
D.(ii) and (iv) are correct

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: C

The host-to-host layers among those listed are (i) and (iii): the transport and session layers.

The OSI model is often divided into the lower 'media' layers (physical, data link and network), which move data across the network hop by hop, and the upper 'host' layers (transport, session, presentation and application), which operate end to end between the two communicating hosts. The transport layer provides end-to-end delivery and the session layer manages the dialogue between them.

The network and data link layers work between neighbouring nodes and routers along the path, so options including (ii) or (iv) are wrong.

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