Learner and Learning Process Questions and Answers

Q: Deepika is 24 yrs old, she has solved correctly intelligence test made for 16 yrs; then what will be intelligence quotient of Deepika ?

Deepika's intelligence quotient is 100.IQ is mental age over chronological age, times 100. In Terman's Stanford-Binet scale the chronological age of adults is taken as 16, since mental age as measured by such tests stops growing at about that age:\[ \begin{aligned} IQ &= \frac{MA}{CA} \times 100 \\ &= \frac{16}{16} \times 100 = 100 \end{aligned} \]Using her actual age of 24 would give 66, which is why that option is a trap. 150 and 120 have no basis in the data.

Q: Social learning is also known as .................. learning.

Social learning is also known as observational learning.Albert Bandura's social learning theory holds that people learn by observing others (models) and the consequences of their behaviour, then imitating them. His Bobo doll experiments showed children copying aggression they had only watched, and the process involves attention, retention, reproduction and motivation.Classical and operant conditioning involve direct experience of stimuli or reinforcement, and cognitive learning is a broader category.

Q: Unconditioned positive regard for the client is one of the important characteristic of good counsellor. This is the expectation of ................... .

This is the expectation of Rogers.Carl Rogers held that a counsellor helps a client to grow by offering three core conditions: unconditional positive regard (accepting the client without judgement), empathic understanding and congruence (genuineness). These are the basis of his client-centred therapy.Freud founded psychoanalysis, Albert Ellis rational emotive behaviour therapy, and Jung analytical psychology; none made unconditional positive regard the central requirement.

Q: To assess ...................... Kuder's preference record is used to guide the student.

Kuder's preference record is used to assess interest.The Kuder Preference Record (vocational form), developed by G. Frederic Kuder, measures interest in ten broad areas such as mechanical, computational, scientific, persuasive, artistic, literary, musical, social service and clerical work. It is widely used in educational and vocational guidance.Aptitude is measured by tests such as the DAT, intelligence by tests such as the Stanford-Binet, and competency by performance assessments.

Q: ...................... holds that vocational choice is affected by the individual's personality structure, his early experiences, motivation and needs.

This is the psychological theory of vocational choice.Psychological theories, such as Anne Roe's personality theory and Holland's typology, explain career choice by the individual's personality structure, needs, motivation and early childhood experiences.Sociological theories stress family background, social class and opportunity, decision theories describe choice as weighing alternatives, and developmental theories (Super, Ginzberg) describe stages of vocational development over the lifespan.

Q: The awareness of one's own cognition and particular cognitive knowledge processes refers to .................. knowledge.

This is metacognitive knowledge.In the revised Bloom's taxonomy (Anderson and Krathwohl, 2001), metacognitive knowledge is knowledge of cognition in general and awareness of one's own cognition: strategic knowledge, knowledge about cognitive tasks and self-knowledge.Factual knowledge is basic elements, conceptual knowledge is relations among them, and procedural knowledge is how to do something; none is awareness of one's own thinking.

Q: Stanford-Binet scale measures the following attribute of an individual :

The Stanford-Binet scale measures intelligence.Lewis Terman of Stanford revised the Binet-Simon scale in 1916, introducing the intelligence quotient. The Stanford-Binet remains one of the best-known individual intelligence tests.Interest is measured by inventories such as Kuder's and Strong's, aptitude by tests such as the DAT, and creativity by tests such as Torrance's.

Q: Proper sequence of stages in creative thinking are as follows :

The proper sequence is (i) Preparation (ii) Incubation (iii) Illumination (iv) Verification.Graham Wallas set out these four stages in The Art of Thought (1926):Preparation: the problem is studied and information gathered.Incubation: the problem is set aside while the mind works on it unconsciously.Illumination: the solution appears suddenly as insight.Verification: the idea is tested and worked out.Verification must come last, because an idea cannot be tested before it appears, and preparation must come first. That rules out each of the other sequences.

Q: Anushka's father and mother are above average intelligent but Anushka has average intelligence. This is the example of heredities' ..............................

This is an example of the Law of regression.Francis Galton observed that children of exceptionally tall parents tend to be shorter than their parents, and children of very short parents taller, so that offspring 'regress' towards the average of the population. The same holds for intelligence: Anushka's above-average parents have a child of average intelligence.The law of 'like begets like' would predict an above-average child, the opposite of what happened. The law of variation says children differ from their parents and from one another, but it does not say in which direction; the specific movement towards the mean is regression. 'Law of average' is not one of the laws of heredity.

Q: In operant conditioning subject's behaviour is ............... type of behaviour.

Operant behaviour is Emitted.B. F. Skinner distinguished two kinds of behaviour. Respondent behaviour is elicited by a known stimulus, as salivation is drawn out by food in Pavlov's classical conditioning. Operant behaviour is emitted spontaneously by the organism, such as a rat pressing a lever, and its future frequency is controlled by the consequences that follow it, reinforcement or punishment.'Elicited' and 'reflex' describe respondent behaviour, which is the trap. 'Controlled' describes what reinforcement does to operant behaviour after it occurs, not the type of behaviour itself.

41.

Deepika is 24 yrs old, she has solved correctly intelligence test made for 16 yrs; then what will be intelligence quotient of Deepika ?

A.100
B.66
C.150
D.120

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: A

Deepika's intelligence quotient is 100.

IQ is mental age over chronological age, times 100. In Terman's Stanford-Binet scale the chronological age of adults is taken as 16, since mental age as measured by such tests stops growing at about that age:

\[ \begin{aligned} IQ &= \frac{MA}{CA} \times 100 \\ &= \frac{16}{16} \times 100 = 100 \end{aligned} \]

Using her actual age of 24 would give 66, which is why that option is a trap. 150 and 120 have no basis in the data.

Discuss in Forum

42.

Social learning is also known as .................. learning.

A.Classical
B.Operant
C.Observational
D.Cognitive

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: C

Social learning is also known as observational learning.

Albert Bandura's social learning theory holds that people learn by observing others (models) and the consequences of their behaviour, then imitating them. His Bobo doll experiments showed children copying aggression they had only watched, and the process involves attention, retention, reproduction and motivation.

Classical and operant conditioning involve direct experience of stimuli or reinforcement, and cognitive learning is a broader category.

Discuss in Forum

43.

Unconditioned positive regard for the client is one of the important characteristic of good counsellor. This is the expectation of ................... .

A.Rogers
B.Freud
C.Albert Ellis
D.Jung

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: A

This is the expectation of Rogers.

Carl Rogers held that a counsellor helps a client to grow by offering three core conditions: unconditional positive regard (accepting the client without judgement), empathic understanding and congruence (genuineness). These are the basis of his client-centred therapy.

Freud founded psychoanalysis, Albert Ellis rational emotive behaviour therapy, and Jung analytical psychology; none made unconditional positive regard the central requirement.

Discuss in Forum

44.

To assess ...................... Kuder's preference record is used to guide the student.

A.Interest
B.Aptitude
C.Competency
D.Intelligence

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: A

Kuder's preference record is used to assess interest.

The Kuder Preference Record (vocational form), developed by G. Frederic Kuder, measures interest in ten broad areas such as mechanical, computational, scientific, persuasive, artistic, literary, musical, social service and clerical work. It is widely used in educational and vocational guidance.

Aptitude is measured by tests such as the DAT, intelligence by tests such as the Stanford-Binet, and competency by performance assessments.

Discuss in Forum

45.

...................... holds that vocational choice is affected by the individual's personality structure, his early experiences, motivation and needs.

A.Psychological theory
B.Sociological theory
C.Decision theory
D.Developmental theory

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: A

This is the psychological theory of vocational choice.

Psychological theories, such as Anne Roe's personality theory and Holland's typology, explain career choice by the individual's personality structure, needs, motivation and early childhood experiences.

Sociological theories stress family background, social class and opportunity, decision theories describe choice as weighing alternatives, and developmental theories (Super, Ginzberg) describe stages of vocational development over the lifespan.

Discuss in Forum

46.

The awareness of one's own cognition and particular cognitive knowledge processes refers to .................. knowledge.

A.Procedural
B.Factual
C.Metacognitive
D.Conceptual

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: C

This is metacognitive knowledge.

In the revised Bloom's taxonomy (Anderson and Krathwohl, 2001), metacognitive knowledge is knowledge of cognition in general and awareness of one's own cognition: strategic knowledge, knowledge about cognitive tasks and self-knowledge.

Factual knowledge is basic elements, conceptual knowledge is relations among them, and procedural knowledge is how to do something; none is awareness of one's own thinking.

Discuss in Forum

47.

Stanford-Binet scale measures the following attribute of an individual :

A.Interest
B.Aptitude
C.Intelligence
D.Creativity

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: C

The Stanford-Binet scale measures intelligence.

Lewis Terman of Stanford revised the Binet-Simon scale in 1916, introducing the intelligence quotient. The Stanford-Binet remains one of the best-known individual intelligence tests.

Interest is measured by inventories such as Kuder's and Strong's, aptitude by tests such as the DAT, and creativity by tests such as Torrance's.

Discuss in Forum

48.

Proper sequence of stages in creative thinking are as follows :

A.(i) Verification (ii) Incubation (iii) Preparation (iv) Illumination
B.(i) Preparation (ii) Incubation (iii) Illumination (iv) Verification
C.(i) Incubation (ii) Preparation (iii) Illumination (iv) Verification
D.(i) Preparation (ii) Incubation (iii) Verification (iv) Illumination

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: B

The proper sequence is (i) Preparation (ii) Incubation (iii) Illumination (iv) Verification.

Graham Wallas set out these four stages in The Art of Thought (1926):

Preparation: the problem is studied and information gathered.
Incubation: the problem is set aside while the mind works on it unconsciously.
Illumination: the solution appears suddenly as insight.
Verification: the idea is tested and worked out.

Verification must come last, because an idea cannot be tested before it appears, and preparation must come first. That rules out each of the other sequences.

Discuss in Forum

49.

Anushka's father and mother are above average intelligent but Anushka has average intelligence. This is the example of heredities' ..............................

A.Law of average
B.Law of like begets like
C.Law of variation
D.Law of regression

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: D

This is an example of the Law of regression.

Francis Galton observed that children of exceptionally tall parents tend to be shorter than their parents, and children of very short parents taller, so that offspring 'regress' towards the average of the population. The same holds for intelligence: Anushka's above-average parents have a child of average intelligence.

The law of 'like begets like' would predict an above-average child, the opposite of what happened. The law of variation says children differ from their parents and from one another, but it does not say in which direction; the specific movement towards the mean is regression. 'Law of average' is not one of the laws of heredity.

Discuss in Forum

50.

In operant conditioning subject's behaviour is ............... type of behaviour.

A.Elicited
B.Emitted
C.Reflex
D.Controlled

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: B

Operant behaviour is Emitted.

B. F. Skinner distinguished two kinds of behaviour. Respondent behaviour is elicited by a known stimulus, as salivation is drawn out by food in Pavlov's classical conditioning. Operant behaviour is emitted spontaneously by the organism, such as a rat pressing a lever, and its future frequency is controlled by the consequences that follow it, reinforcement or punishment.

'Elicited' and 'reflex' describe respondent behaviour, which is the trap. 'Controlled' describes what reinforcement does to operant behaviour after it occurs, not the type of behaviour itself.

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