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Research Methodology in Public Administration Questions and Answers

71.

'Interview is a process of social interaction.' Who said it ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012, UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The official key credits Goode and Hatt with the statement that an interview is a process of social interaction. In Methods in Social Research they describe the interview as a process of social interaction, in which the interviewer and the respondent respond to each other. I could not check the wording in a source, so the key is followed.

P. V. Young, M. N. Basu and V. M. Palmer also wrote on social research methods, but the key does not credit them with this sentence.

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72.

Select the correct research design indicated by the following characteristics :

(i) Describes the accurate features of a phenomenon.
(ii) Intends to find out the incidence of relationships between certain variables.
(iii) Makes certain specific predictions.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The characteristics described, an accurate account of a phenomenon, finding the incidence of relationships between variables and making specific predictions, are those of a descriptive research design.

An exploratory design aims at insight and the formulation of a problem, with no firm predictions. A diagnostic design looks for the cause of a problem, and an informal experimental design uses a simple control. So only descriptive research design fits all three characteristics.

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73.

According to Dale, a qualitative approach is not necessary in which of the following situations ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

A qualitative approach is not necessary when it is possible to study statistically representative samples of beneficiaries, because then the effects can be shown by quantitative measures.

It is needed when changes are the result of complex processes, when value judgements are involved in analysing relevance, and when organizational issues of policy implementation are studied, since figures alone cannot show these. So the first option is the one the key accepts.

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74.

Probability and Non-probability sampling techniques are used to draw a sample of the population under study. Which include

(i) Systematic random sampling
(ii) Stratified random sampling
(iii) Cluster sampling
(iv) Purposive sampling
(v) Quota sampling
Select the correct group of probability sampling techniques by using codes given below :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The probability sampling techniques are systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling and cluster sampling, which is (i), (ii) and (iii). Each gives every unit of the population a known chance of being selected.

Purposive sampling and quota sampling are non probability techniques, since the researcher chooses the units by judgement. The options that include (iv) or (v) are therefore wrong.

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75.

"Science begins with observation and must ultimately return to observation for its final validation." Who among the following made this statement ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The statement that science begins with observation and must ultimately return to observation for its final validation is by William J. Goode and Paul K. Hatt, in 'Methods in Social Research'.

P.V. Young and Nels Anderson also wrote on social research methods, and Robert Merton on theory and research, but they are not the source of this statement. The third option is correct.

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76.

When the universe is heterogenous and too large, the best sampling method which can be adopted is

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

When the universe is heterogeneous and too large, the key gives stratified sampling as the best method. The population is divided into strata of similar units and a sample is drawn from each, so every part of a heterogeneous universe is represented.

Simple random sampling gives no safeguard for heterogeneity and is hard to carry out on a very large universe. Multi-stage sampling suits a very large universe, but it is the stratified method that the key accepts, so the second option is correct.

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77.

Which one of the following names is not associated with random numbers used for sampling process ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

William J. Goode is not associated with the random numbers used in the sampling process. Goode is known for 'Methods in Social Research', written with Hatt.

L.H.C. Tippett, M.G. Kendall and B. Babington Smith are the names linked with tables of random numbers: Tippett published the first such table in 1927, and Kendall and Babington Smith produced tables of random sampling numbers. So the second option is correct.

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78.

Which of the following is not a feature of a good sample ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The statement that a good sample should be big in size is not a feature of a good sample. A sample is good if it is representative of the universe, reliable and chosen by a probability design, and size alone does not make it good. A large sample that is biased is still a poor sample.

The other three options give features that a good sample has, so they are rejected. Representativeness is the main test of a sample, and a probability design allows the error to be measured. Size helps only when the sample is drawn properly, and so a bigger sample is not by itself a feature of a good sample.

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79.

Science is defined as

(i) an accumulation of systematic knowledge.
(ii) a method of approach to the entire empirical world.
(iii) an approach which aims at the finding of ultimate truth.
(iv) a mode of analysis that permits the scientist to state propositions.
Select the correct answer with the codes given below :
Codes :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

Science is an accumulation of systematic knowledge, a method of approach to the entire empirical world, and a mode of analysis which permits the scientist to state propositions, so the code is (i), (ii) and (iv).

Science does not aim at finding the ultimate truth, since its conclusions are open to revision. Hence the statement (iii) is wrong and the codes containing it are rejected.

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80.

Which one of the following is not a limitation of scientific method ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The statement that the scientific method eliminates arbitrary and ambiguous opinion is not a limitation; it is an advantage of the method.

Scientific explanation is never complete, conclusions are never final, and it is difficult to oppose the established opinion. These are limitations the textbooks mention, so they are the distractors in the question. The scientific method uses observation, hypotheses and testing, which removes personal bias, and that explains why this option is a strength of the method and not a limitation. The remaining three options are the limits that the textbooks list.

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