Thinking, Intelligence and Creativity Questions and Answers

Q: Which of the following is not a subtest by Guilford's to measure of Divergent Thinking ?

The one that is not a Guilford divergent thinking test is Symbol Coding.Guilford's divergent production tests ask for many different answers to an open problem. In Alternate (Unusual) Uses the person lists uses for a common object such as a brick; in Consequences he lists what would happen if, say, people no longer needed sleep; and in Plot Titles he gives as many titles as he can for a short story, with clever titles scored for originality.Symbol coding, in which a person copies symbols paired with digits as fast as possible, has one correct answer per item and measures perceptual speed, as in the Wechsler Coding subtest. It is not a divergent thinking task.

Q: Which of the following is not a property of language ?

The one that is not a property of language is highly derivative.Cognitive psychology textbooks list the properties of language as follows: it is communicative, arbitrarily symbolic, regularly structured (it follows rules), structured at several levels (sounds, words, sentences), generative and productive (a finite set of rules and words yields an unlimited number of new sentences), and dynamic (it constantly changes).'Regularly structured', 'generative, productive' and 'dynamic' are all on this list. 'Highly derivative' is not: language is creative, and its productivity means that speakers constantly produce sentences never heard before rather than merely deriving them from others.

Q: A person with moderate mental retardation has an IQ in the following range :

Moderate mental retardation corresponds to an IQ of 35-50.The older DSM classification of intellectual disability by IQ is: mild, 50-55 to about 70; moderate, 35-40 to 50-55; severe, 20-25 to 35-40; and profound, below 20-25. People with moderate retardation can usually learn self-care and simple work skills with supervision. Current classifications also weigh adaptive functioning, not IQ alone.A range of 70-90 lies above the cut-off for retardation, in the borderline and low average range. A range of 60-70 falls within mild retardation, and 20-35 is the severe range.

Q: Spearman introduced the concept of g and s factors to reason with which of the following observations ?

Spearman's g and s factors were his account of the hierarchy he always found in the matrix of test correlations.In 1904 Spearman noticed that correlations among different mental tests were all positive and could be arranged so that they decreased steadily along the rows and columns of the matrix, which he called a hierarchy. He explained this by a general factor, g, shared by all tests, plus a specific factor, s, unique to each test.The heritability of intelligence was studied later and is not what g was proposed to explain. The rise of raw scores with age underlies Binet's mental age. The crystallized and fluid distinction belongs to Cattell and Horn, not Spearman.

Q: Wallas' Four Stage account of creative thinking consists of which of the following ?

Wallas's four stages are Preparation, Incubation, Inspiration, Verification.In The Art of Thought (1926), Graham Wallas described creative thinking as:Preparation: gathering information and working on the problem consciously.Incubation: setting it aside while unconscious processing continues.Illumination (inspiration): the sudden insight.Verification: testing and working out the idea.Option B reverses incubation and inspiration, and options A and D start with inspiration and include stages, research and confirmation, that are not in Wallas's model.

Q: Which of the following are the types of randomness by Boden ?(1) A-randomness : absence of order(2) E-randomness : lack of explanation or cause(3) R-randomness : lack of any order relative to some specific consideration which does not imply indeterminism

All three are Boden's types, so the answer is (1), (2) and (3).In The Creative Mind, Margaret Boden distinguishes three senses of randomness relevant to creativity:A-randomness, absolute randomness: the complete absence of any order (1);E-randomness, explanatory randomness: the lack of any explanation or cause (2);R-randomness, relative randomness: the lack of order relative to some specific consideration, which does not imply indeterminism (3).Options leaving any of these out are incomplete.

Q: A person believes that she needs to keep working at her failing business because she has spent all her fortune and time on it. Which of the following describes her thinking ?

Her thinking is the sunk-cost fallacy.The sunk-cost fallacy is continuing to invest in a failing course of action because of what has already been spent on it. Money and time already spent cannot be recovered whatever she does, so a rational decision would look only at future costs and benefits. Staying with the business because she has already put her fortune into it is the classic example.An illusory correlation is perceiving a relationship between two variables where none exists. 'Affective disillusionment' and 'rationality illusion' are not the established name for this error.

Q: An overoptimistic view and underestimation of time needed to complete a task is called ............ .

It is called the planning fallacy.The planning fallacy, described by Kahneman and Tversky, is the tendency to underestimate the time (and cost) needed to complete a task, even when one knows that similar tasks have taken longer before. People focus on the best-case plan for the task in hand and neglect the delays that usually occur.Procrastination is putting a task off, not misjudging how long it will take. Optimism bias is the broader tendency to expect good outcomes for oneself; the planning fallacy is the specific form about time estimates. 'Over aspiration' is not the technical term.

Q: Which of the following is "inferential processes that expand knowledge in the face of uncertainty ?"

The description fits induction.The phrase is the definition used by Holland, Holyoak, Nisbett and Thagard in Induction: Processes of Inference, Learning, and Discovery: induction comprises all inferential processes that expand knowledge in the face of uncertainty. Inductive inference goes beyond the information given, from particular cases to general conclusions that are probable rather than certain.Deduction draws conclusions that are already contained in the premises, so it does not expand knowledge under uncertainty. Ideation (generating ideas) and creativity are broader notions, not inferential processes defined this way.

71.

Which of the following is not a subtest by Guilford's to measure of Divergent Thinking ?

A.Symbol Coding
B.Consequences
C.Plot Titles
D.Alternate Uses

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: A

The one that is not a Guilford divergent thinking test is Symbol Coding.

Guilford's divergent production tests ask for many different answers to an open problem. In Alternate (Unusual) Uses the person lists uses for a common object such as a brick; in Consequences he lists what would happen if, say, people no longer needed sleep; and in Plot Titles he gives as many titles as he can for a short story, with clever titles scored for originality.

Symbol coding, in which a person copies symbols paired with digits as fast as possible, has one correct answer per item and measures perceptual speed, as in the Wechsler Coding subtest. It is not a divergent thinking task.

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72.

Which of the following is not a property of language ?

A.Regularly structured
B.Generative, productive
C.Highly derivative
D.Dynamic

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: C

The one that is not a property of language is highly derivative.

Cognitive psychology textbooks list the properties of language as follows: it is communicative, arbitrarily symbolic, regularly structured (it follows rules), structured at several levels (sounds, words, sentences), generative and productive (a finite set of rules and words yields an unlimited number of new sentences), and dynamic (it constantly changes).

'Regularly structured', 'generative, productive' and 'dynamic' are all on this list. 'Highly derivative' is not: language is creative, and its productivity means that speakers constantly produce sentences never heard before rather than merely deriving them from others.

Discuss in Forum

73.

A person with moderate mental retardation has an IQ in the following range :

A.70-90
B.35-50
C.60-70
D.20-35

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: B

Moderate mental retardation corresponds to an IQ of 35-50.

The older DSM classification of intellectual disability by IQ is: mild, 50-55 to about 70; moderate, 35-40 to 50-55; severe, 20-25 to 35-40; and profound, below 20-25. People with moderate retardation can usually learn self-care and simple work skills with supervision. Current classifications also weigh adaptive functioning, not IQ alone.

A range of 70-90 lies above the cut-off for retardation, in the borderline and low average range. A range of 60-70 falls within mild retardation, and 20-35 is the severe range.

Discuss in Forum

74.

Spearman introduced the concept of g and s factors to reason with which of the following observations ?

A.Heredity accounts for a significant proportion of variance in the intellectual ability
B.Raw scores on intelligence tests tend to increase with age
C.Rearranging the order of the tests along the edge of the matrix he always could get what he called a "hierarchy"
D.Crystallized intelligence is immune to aging effects whereas fluid intelligence displays greater in stability

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: C

Spearman's g and s factors were his account of the hierarchy he always found in the matrix of test correlations.

In 1904 Spearman noticed that correlations among different mental tests were all positive and could be arranged so that they decreased steadily along the rows and columns of the matrix, which he called a hierarchy. He explained this by a general factor, g, shared by all tests, plus a specific factor, s, unique to each test.

The heritability of intelligence was studied later and is not what g was proposed to explain. The rise of raw scores with age underlies Binet's mental age. The crystallized and fluid distinction belongs to Cattell and Horn, not Spearman.

Discuss in Forum

75.

Wallas' Four Stage account of creative thinking consists of which of the following ?

A.Inspiration, Research, Incubation, Confirmation
B.Preparation, Inspiration, Incubation, Verification
C.Preparation, Incubation, Inspiration, Verification
D.Inspiration, Verification, Incubation, Confirmation

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: C

Wallas's four stages are Preparation, Incubation, Inspiration, Verification.

In The Art of Thought (1926), Graham Wallas described creative thinking as:

Preparation: gathering information and working on the problem consciously.
Incubation: setting it aside while unconscious processing continues.
Illumination (inspiration): the sudden insight.
Verification: testing and working out the idea.

Option B reverses incubation and inspiration, and options A and D start with inspiration and include stages, research and confirmation, that are not in Wallas's model.

Discuss in Forum

76.

Which of the following should be explained by 'Theories of meaning' ?

(1) Anomaly
(2) Self-contradiction
(3) Ambiguity
(4) Entailment

A.(1) and (2) only
B.(1) and (3) only
C.(1), (2) and (3) only
D.(1), (2), (3) and (4) only

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: D

A theory of meaning should explain all four, so the answer is (1), (2), (3) and (4).

Semantic theory aims to account for the meaning-related facts that speakers know about sentences. These include:

anomaly: sentences that are grammatical but meaningless, such as 'Colourless green ideas sleep furiously';
self-contradiction: 'My unmarried sister is married';
ambiguity: 'He went to the bank', with two meanings;
entailment: 'John killed the snake' entails 'The snake died'.

Each partial option leaves out one or more of these relations, which semantics texts list together with synonymy and paraphrase.

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77.

Which of the following are the types of randomness by Boden ?

(1) A-randomness : absence of order
(2) E-randomness : lack of explanation or cause
(3) R-randomness : lack of any order relative to some specific consideration which does not imply indeterminism

A.(1) and (2) only
B.(1), (2) and (3)
C.(1) and (3) only
D.(1) only

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: B

All three are Boden's types, so the answer is (1), (2) and (3).

In The Creative Mind, Margaret Boden distinguishes three senses of randomness relevant to creativity:

A-randomness, absolute randomness: the complete absence of any order (1);
E-randomness, explanatory randomness: the lack of any explanation or cause (2);
R-randomness, relative randomness: the lack of order relative to some specific consideration, which does not imply indeterminism (3).

Options leaving any of these out are incomplete.

Discuss in Forum

78.

A person believes that she needs to keep working at her failing business because she has spent all her fortune and time on it. Which of the following describes her thinking ?

A.Illusory correlation
B.Sunk-cost fallacy
C.Affective disillusionment
D.Rationality illusion

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: B

Her thinking is the sunk-cost fallacy.

The sunk-cost fallacy is continuing to invest in a failing course of action because of what has already been spent on it. Money and time already spent cannot be recovered whatever she does, so a rational decision would look only at future costs and benefits. Staying with the business because she has already put her fortune into it is the classic example.

An illusory correlation is perceiving a relationship between two variables where none exists. 'Affective disillusionment' and 'rationality illusion' are not the established name for this error.

Discuss in Forum

79.

An overoptimistic view and underestimation of time needed to complete a task is called ............ .

A.Procrastination
B.Planning fallacy
C.Over aspiration
D.Optimism bias

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: B

It is called the planning fallacy.

The planning fallacy, described by Kahneman and Tversky, is the tendency to underestimate the time (and cost) needed to complete a task, even when one knows that similar tasks have taken longer before. People focus on the best-case plan for the task in hand and neglect the delays that usually occur.

Procrastination is putting a task off, not misjudging how long it will take. Optimism bias is the broader tendency to expect good outcomes for oneself; the planning fallacy is the specific form about time estimates. 'Over aspiration' is not the technical term.

Discuss in Forum

80.

Which of the following is "inferential processes that expand knowledge in the face of uncertainty ?"

A.Induction
B.Deduction
C.Ideation
D.Creativity

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: A

The description fits induction.

The phrase is the definition used by Holland, Holyoak, Nisbett and Thagard in Induction: Processes of Inference, Learning, and Discovery: induction comprises all inferential processes that expand knowledge in the face of uncertainty. Inductive inference goes beyond the information given, from particular cases to general conclusions that are probable rather than certain.

Deduction draws conclusions that are already contained in the premises, so it does not expand knowledge under uncertainty. Ideation (generating ideas) and creativity are broader notions, not inferential processes defined this way.

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