Child and Human Development Questions and Answers

Answer: B

Gifts and occupations belong to Froebel's philosophy.

Friedrich Froebel, founder of the kindergarten, designed the 'gifts' (balls, wooden blocks, cylinders and other shapes) and the 'occupations' (activities such as paper folding, weaving, sewing and clay modelling) to guide children's play toward understanding form, number and the unity of nature.

Head Start is an American compensatory programme, the constructivist approach follows Piaget's ideas of active learning, and the Reggio Emilia approach builds on children's projects and the 'hundred languages' of expression, not on Froebel's gifts.

Answer: D

Waldorf education emphasises balanced development of head, heart and hands.

Founded by Rudolf Steiner in 1919, Waldorf schools aim to educate the whole child: thinking (head), feeling (heart) and willing or doing (hands). Academic work is joined with art, music, movement, crafts and practical work.

Each of the other options names only two of the three, leaving out one part of the whole-child aim.

Answer: B

Otitis media (printed 'Ottis media') is a middle ear infection.

The name comes from otitis, inflammation of the ear, and media, middle. It is common in young children because their Eustachian tubes are short and horizontal, so infection from the throat reaches the middle ear easily; it causes ear pain and fever and can affect hearing.

A stomach infection is gastroenteritis and a chest infection is bronchitis or pneumonia, and 'children media' is a distractor playing on the word 'media'.

Answer: A

Biological ageing is an estimate of the individual's position with respect to her or his potential life span.

Developmental psychologists separate several kinds of age. Biological age reflects how far the body has aged in relation to its potential life span, so a person may be biologically older or younger than the calendar suggests.

The number of years since birth is chronological age, capacity to adapt is psychological age, and the social rules and expectations attached to age describe social age.

Answer: D

Distantiation is the readiness all of us have to distance ourselves from others when we feel threatened by their behaviour.

Erikson used the term in his account of young adulthood (intimacy versus isolation). Alongside the capacity for intimacy, people develop a readiness to repudiate, isolate and if necessary destroy forces and people whose essence seems dangerous to their own.

The other options take the word literally. It is not conversational distance, not separation from the family of origin, and not the time between developmental stages.

Answer: A

Commitment following a period of exploration is identity achievement.

In James Marcia's identity status model, two dimensions matter: whether the person has explored alternatives (crisis) and whether they have made commitments. Identity achievement is exploration followed by firm commitment to values, beliefs and goals.

Moratorium is exploration still in progress without commitment, foreclosure is commitment without exploration (often adopting parents' values), and diffusion is neither exploring nor committed.

Answer: C

The one that is not a child labour law is Offences of Harassment under Protection from Harassment Act (1997).

The Protection from Harassment Act 1997 is a law of the United Kingdom dealing with stalking and harassment generally. It has nothing to do with child labour in India.

The other three are among the Indian laws that regulate child labour. The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 bans children from hazardous work, the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 punishes the exploitation of child employees, and the Mines Act, 1952 prohibits employing children in mines.

Answer: D

The key's answer is psychological adjustment to declining physical energy.

Unlike women at menopause, men in middle age do not experience a sudden hormonal change. Testosterone declines slowly, about one percent a year from early adulthood, and most men can still father children. The 'male climacteric' is therefore described in textbooks mainly as a period of psychological adjustment to declining energy, strength and sexual vigour.

A dramatic drop in testosterone and inability to father a child are wrong for typical men, and increased appetite is not a characteristic hormonal change of middle age.

Answer: C

POCSO stands for Protection of Children from Sexual Offences.

The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 protects every person under 18 from sexual assault, harassment and pornography. It is gender-neutral, provides child-friendly procedures for reporting and trial, and sets up special courts.

The other options imitate the letters of the acronym with words such as 'sedentary offers' and 'socialization', but they are not the name of any law.

Answer: A

Role play is an example of an expressive technique.

Projective techniques in research are commonly grouped as association, completion, construction and expressive techniques. In expressive techniques the respondent acts out or expresses feelings, as in role playing, psychodrama or puppetry, and reveals attitudes through the way the role is played.

Association techniques ask for the first word or image that comes to mind, completion techniques ask the respondent to finish a sentence or story, and construction techniques ask for a story or picture to be made up, as in the Thematic Apperception Test.