Extension and Community Development Questions and Answers

Answer: D

All the listed aspects belong in a good lesson plan: objectives (i), the teacher's activities (ii), learning experiences (iii), teaching aids (iv) and appraisal (v). The plan states what is to be learned, what the teacher will do, what the pupils will experience, the materials to be used, and how learning will be checked. So the answer is 'All of the above'.

Each of the other options leaves out at least one aspect: option A omits the teacher's activities, option B omits the objectives, and option C omits both the teacher's activities and learning experiences, so none of them is complete.

Answer: C

The community services offered in the interest of the public are protection (i), transport (ii) and communication (iv): police, fire services, roads, buses, railways, post and telephone. So the correct code is (i), (ii) and (iv).

'Social' (iii) is a kind of service in a wider sense, but it is not listed alongside these as a basic public utility in this classification, which is why every option with (iii) is rejected by the key.

Answer: C

The sequential order of the extension educational process is situation (iii), objectives (i), teaching (ii), evaluation (v) and reconsideration (iv). Extension work begins with studying the situation, sets objectives that fit it, carries out teaching, evaluates the results, and reconsiders the plan in light of them.

The other options start with teaching or objectives, but objectives cannot be set without knowing the situation, and teaching comes after the objectives. Others place reconsideration before evaluation, which is also wrong, since reconsideration depends on the evaluation.

Answer: D

From the grassroots upwards the order is Gram Sabha (a), Gram Panchayat (d), Block Panchayat (b) and District Panchayat (c). The Gram Sabha is the body of all adult voters of the village, the Gram Panchayat is its elected executive body, the block-level body (Panchayat Samiti) comes next, and the Zila Parishad is at the district level.

The other sequences start at the district or block, or put the Gram Panchayat before the Gram Sabha, so they do not run from the base upwards.

Answer: D

The correct matching is (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii). A personal letter reaches one person, so it is an individual contact method. A method demonstration is given to a group of farmers or homemakers, so it is a group contact method. Television is an audio visual aid, and a campaign reaches large numbers of people, so it is a mass contact method.

The other codes put the personal letter under mass contact, or television under group contact, which is wrong. Only option D matches all four.

Answer: C

Monitoring is the continuous process of assessing the progress of a project against predetermined indicators and the objectives of the programme, so that corrections can be made on the way. Planning comes before the work, implementation is the carrying out of the activities, and evaluation judges the results, outcome and impact, usually at the end or at set points. Because the question speaks of assessing progress against indicators, the answer is monitoring.

Answer: B

Performance appraisals and review committees are carried out by the people of the organisation itself, so they are examples of internal evaluation. External evaluation is done by an outside agency, and summative evaluation is a judgment made at the end of a programme to decide its overall worth. Outline evaluation is not a recognised type. The answer is internal evaluation. A review committee judges the work of the staff from within the organisation, and a performance appraisal is done by the supervisor, so no outside agency is involved. That is the mark of internal evaluation, whereas an evaluation by an outside team or donor would be called external.

Answer: D

Voluntary organisations take part in welfare activities, advocacy for the cause of the people and networking with other agencies. Policy decision making is the work of the government and its bodies, not of voluntary organisations, so (b) is wrong. So options with (b) are rejected and the correct group is (a), (c) and (d). Voluntary organisations are non-government bodies; they supply welfare services, speak on behalf of the weak (advocacy) and work with other groups (networking). The options that keep (b), policy decision making, give them a government function.

Answer: C

Local leaders in a development programme are all four things at once: key communicators who pass on the message, opinion leaders whose views influence others, information leaders to whom people turn for facts, and change agents who help the community adopt new practices. Since every description fits, the answer is 'all are correct', and the options that leave out one of them are rejected. Each of the four terms is used for the person whose standing in the village lets him pass on, test and carry forward ideas: he is a key communicator, an opinion leader and an information leader, and he becomes a change agent when he helps the community to adopt the new practice.

Answer: C

Need assessment identifies the gap between the present situation and the desired one, which is the correct description of its purpose. The objectives of programme planning are based on the needs found, so the reason is also correct. Both (A) and (R) are correct. The need assessment shows what is lacking, for example in nutrition or health, and the objectives of the programme are then written to close that gap. Both statements describe the stages of programme planning, so the options calling either one wrong are rejected.