Extension and Community Development Questions and Answers

Answer: C

The scales of measurement from the lowest to the highest are the nominal scale, the ordinal scale, the interval scale and the ratio scale, which is (iii), (ii), (i), (iv), option C. Each scale has the properties of the one before and one more: ordinal adds order to the classification of the nominal, interval adds equal intervals, and ratio adds a true zero. The other options place the ratio, interval or ordinal scale in the wrong place.

Answer: C

The matching is: a change in knowledge with what people know (iii), a change in attitude with reaction towards certain things (iv), a change in confidence with self reliance (i), and a change in skill with doing things (ii), giving iii iv i ii, option C. These are the kinds of change that extension education looks for in people. Options A, B and D pair knowledge, attitude, confidence or skill with the wrong description.

Answer: B

The matching is: md with median (iv), the sign Sigma with sum of (iii), chi-square with the chi-square symbol (i), and X-bar with the mean (ii), giving iv iii i ii, option B. In statistics, md is a symbol for the median, Sigma means the sum of the values, chi squared is the chi-square statistic, and a bar over X is the mean. Options A, C and D mix up the median and the mean, or give the sum sign to another symbol.

Answer: A

Approaches to women and development moved through three phases in this order: the welfare approach, which treated women mainly as recipients of aid in their role as mothers; then Women in Development (WID), which from the 1970s argued that women should be brought into the development process; and then Gender and Development (GAD), which looks at the unequal relations between women and men. Only the first listed order, Welfare, Women in Development, Gender and Development, matches that sequence.

Answer: A

'Putting the last first' is the title of Robert Chambers's book on rural development, and the key links the phrase with reversals: the poorest and the outsiders, normally at the bottom of the order, are put first, and the usual direction of learning is turned round so that professionals learn from rural people. Of the choices, only reversals in learning fits that idea. Destination of man, a blue print approach and content centric teaching are not what the phrase describes. The answer is Reversals in learning.

Answer: B

The Human Development Report measures human development, in the Human Development Index, with three dimensions: a long and healthy life (longevity), knowledge, and a decent standard of living. So (a), (c) and (d) are correct, which is option (B). Happiness is not one of the dimensions of the index, so every option that contains (b) is wrong: option (A) puts happiness in place of knowledge, option (C) leaves out longevity, and option (D) puts happiness in place of a decent standard of living.

Answer: C

The key lists three objectives of non-formal education: to raise functional literacy, to provide life-long education and to prepare individuals for self employment, (a), (b) and (d). It does not take complementing formal education in schools, (c), as an objective, and so rejects the options with (c), although many writers do describe non-formal education as complementing the formal system. The key is followed here, and this item may deserve a reviewer's look.

Answer: A

Summative evaluation is done at the end of a programme to measure its final results, so (A) is correct. Those end results tell the planners whether the programme should be continued or stopped, which makes (R) true, and it is the reason for doing summative evaluation, so it explains (A). The option that says (R) is not the explanation is wrong for that reason, and the options that call (R) or (A) false are also wrong. The key is option (A).

Answer: B

The key treats both statements as correct. The assertion describes poverty as a social phenomenon first and only secondarily a material one, and the reason defines poverty as the condition in which the resources available to a society are used to satisfy the wants of the few while many do not even have their basic needs met. The second statement is a fair description of how poverty arises socially, so it supports the first. The options that mark either statement false, or both not correct, are rejected. The answer is that both are correct.

Answer: D

The programmes of adult education in India, in order of inception, are the National Adult Education Programme (launched in 1978), the National Literacy Mission (1988), the Total Literacy Campaigns, which were the main method of the mission from 1990 on, and then Continuing Education, which comes after literacy has been achieved. So (a), (b), (c), (d) is the order. The other orders put the mission or continuing education before the programme of 1978.