Urbanisation and Migration Questions and Answers

Answer: C

In Christaller's theory of central places, K = 7 refers to the administrative principle. Under the marketing principle K is 3, under the transport principle it is 4, and under the administrative principle it is 7, where each larger centre controls six smaller ones wholly inside its area.

K = 3 is the market principle and K = 4 the transport principle, and the combined option is not a Christaller principle.

Answer: B

The centrality of a central place is considered in terms of all three: its geographical location, the types of functions it has and the size of its population. Centrality is the degree to which a place provides goods and services to the area around it.

Since each of the first three bears on this, none alone is the full measure, and the correct choice is 'All the above'.

Answer: B

Both the assertion and the reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation, according to the key. The gravitational potential of a city is determined by the combined impact of the centripetal forces that attract people and activity and the centrifugal forces that push them out, and cities do have a multifunctional character.

The multifunctional character is a general feature of cities and does not explain how the pull and push forces combine, so the first option, in which the reason explains the assertion, is wrong.

Answer: B

Both statements are true, but the reason is not the correct interpretation of the assertion, as in the key. A hexagonal region is the best shape in central place theory because it leaves no gaps or overlaps and is closest to a circle, which gives the least distance to travel.

Transport connectivity matters for linkages between settlements but does not explain the choice of the hexagon, which is a geometric one, so the reason is not the explanation.

Answer: A

The rural-urban continuum of a city connotes the spatial continuity of the city's activities beyond its administrative boundary. Urban land use fades into rural land use gradually and without a sharp line, and the fringe shares features of both.

It does not mean the agglomeration of central functions in the peripheral area, a new central business district, or a densely populated neighbourhood.

Answer: D

The official key gives net migration rate as the one that is not a measure of internal migration.

Natural-increase (vital statistics) and national growth rate methods, the residual method and the survival ratio method are the indirect ways of estimating net internal migration from census and vital data. The net migration rate is the indicator they yield, not a method of arriving at it, which is how the key separates it from the other three.

The distinction is fine, because the net migration rate is itself a measure of migration, so I kept the key but could not prove it from a source.

Answer: B

The country that restricts internal migration to its capital is Indonesia.

Jakarta was declared a 'closed city' in 1970 by its governor, who barred newcomers without jobs or housing from settling, in an attempt to check the growth of the city.

India, Malaysia and Thailand do not restrict citizens from moving to their capital cities (Delhi, Kuala Lumpur and Bangkok), where freedom of movement within the country is the rule.

Answer: C

The official key gives 1971 as the year India started using the concept of an urban area as now defined.

The Census of India has used a definition of urban areas based on legal status (municipality, corporation, cantonment, notified area) and on population size, density and the share of male workers in non-agricultural work. The criteria of 5,000 people, 400 per square km and 75 per cent of male workers outside agriculture were applied in 1961 and carried on in 1971.

I could not confirm the exact year the key means, so it stands as published. 1951 was before these criteria and 1981 was after them.

Answer: C

The assertion is true and the reason is false, so the answer is C.

Class I cities, with a hundred thousand people or more, have taken a rising share of the urban population, because of migration from smaller towns and the countryside and because their boundaries have spread (A).

The faster growth is not due to a change in the definition of urban areas, and the census criteria were applied alike to cities of every size, so R is false. A and B would require R to be true, and D would make A false.

Answer: D

According to Everett Lee, the factor that is not among those associated with the decision to migrate is technological advances.

In 'A Theory of Migration' (1966) Lee grouped the factors into four sets: those associated with the area of origin, those with the area of destination, intervening obstacles, and personal factors.

Options A, B and C are the first three of these. Technological advances are not one of his four sets, so D is the one that does not belong. The question is worded as 'which are associated', but the key takes D as the item outside the list.