Urbanisation and Migration Questions and Answers

Answer: B

The official key picks dispersal and segregation as the item that does not explain the law of urbanization.

Push and pull factors explain why people move to towns, distance-decay explains how the flow of migrants falls with distance, and the laws of gravity apply the gravity idea to movement between places. These are used to explain the law or pattern of urbanization.

Dispersal and segregation are processes of the spatial arrangement of groups inside a city, in urban ecology, and not an explanation of how and why urbanization occurs, so the key names it as the exception.

Answer: A

The official key takes both statements as true, with (R) as the explanation of (A).

(A) says international migration raises productivity in both the sending and the receiving countries. Migrants move to where their labour is more productive, and the sending country gains from remittances and returning skills, so productivity is said to rise on both sides.

(R) says that emigrants receive better wages. Higher wages show that the migrants' labour is more productive at the destination, so it is taken as the reason. The second option, which accepts both but denies the explanation, and the third and fourth, which call one of them false, are not the key.

Answer: A

The Philippines has the highest out-migration of nursing professionals.

The Philippines trains nurses specially for work abroad and has been the largest source of foreign nurses to the United States, the United Kingdom and the Gulf for decades.

India also sends many nurses, notably from Kerala, but fewer than the Philippines. Pakistan and Bhutan send only small numbers, so neither could be the largest source.

Answer: D

Michael Todaro did not give a model of city structure.

Burgess proposed the concentric zone model, Homer Hoyt the sector model, and Harris and Ullman the multiple nuclei model of the city.

Michael Todaro is known in development economics for the Harris-Todaro model of rural-urban migration and unemployment, which explains why people move to cities, not how a city is laid out. So he is the one who gave no model of city structure.

Answer: B

India is the highest supplier of doctors to the developed nations among the countries named, as a large share of foreign-trained physicians in the United Kingdom, the United States and other countries come from Indian medical schools. This outflow is a frequently cited example of the migration of skilled people.

The Philippines is better known as the leading source of nurses, not doctors. Indonesia and China are not major suppliers of doctors to the developed world.

Answer: D

Cancer is the disease that may not be affected by migration in the sense of the question, as it is a non-communicable illness not spread between populations by movement. The other three conditions are infectious and can be carried by migrants from one place to another or can be changed by the new environment.

Tuberculosis, HIV and malaria are all infectious, so migration affects their spread, and these are not the answer to a question asking for the disease not affected by migration.

Answer: C

International migration has been associated in recent times with SARS, the severe acute respiratory syndrome that spread in 2003 from Asia to other regions with air travellers. It is the example of a disease carried across borders by people.

Dengue and malaria are spread by mosquitoes and are tied to climate and local conditions, and diabetes is a lifestyle disease that is not transmitted by contact, so migration is a less direct link for each of these.

Answer: D

All the listed items are negative consequences of urban growth: more vehicular pollution, more industrial emissions, and more generation of solid and liquid waste. Cities with large numbers of vehicles and factories add to air, water and land pollution and put pressure on waste disposal.

Each of the first three is correct, so no single one is complete and the answer is 'All the above'.

Answer: D

All the listed items are consequences of urbanisation: the physical expansion of the city, an increase in housing stock and an upgrading of basic infrastructure such as water, power and roads. As the population of an urban area grows, the built-up area spreads and the services are scaled up.

Since each statement is true, the correct choice is that all of the above are consequences.

Answer: A

The theories match as land-use theory with Von Thunen, concentric zone theory with Burgess, multiple nuclei theory with Harris and Ullman, and central place theory with Losch, which is the code iv iii ii i. Von Thunen explained agricultural land use around a market town, Burgess described rings around a city centre, and Harris and Ullman proposed several nuclei.

Central place theory is also linked with Christaller, but here Losch is the only name left. The other codes pair the names with the wrong theories.