Attention, Perception, Learning and Memory Questions and Answers

151.

Read each of the following two statements - Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and indicate your answer using the codes given below :

Assertion (A) : People just coldly store and retrieve bits of data.
Reason (R) : Psychologists recognize that people reconstruct their own version of the past.
Codes :

A.Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
B.Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C.(A) is false, but (R) is true.
D.(A) is true, but (R) is false.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: C

Assertion (A) is false: memory is not a cold storage and retrieval of bits of data, as it is a constructive process. Reason (R) is true: psychologists, such as Bartlett and Loftus, show that people reconstruct their own version of the past, and distort it with their beliefs and later information. So the assertion is false while the reason is true. The answer is (A) is false, but (R) is true.

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152.

Read each of the following two statements : Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and indicate your answer using the codes below :

Assertion (A) : According to interference theory of forgetting, forgetting is caused due to the intervening task which occurs between original task and its recall.
Reason (R) : The intervening task weaken the memory trace.
Codes :

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
B.Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
D.(A) is false, but (R) is true.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

Assertion (A) is true: in interference theory, forgetting results from the interference of other learning, in the interval between the original learning and its recall. Reason (R) is true as a statement, since the intervening task is said to weaken the trace, but the weakening of a trace is the idea of decay theory, and the interference theory says that competing material disturbs the retrieval, so (R) is not the right explanation. The answer is both are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

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153.

Whenever daughter performs well in her studies she receives a chocolate from parents but her brother is given a chocolate only when he gets the highest marks in the class. This is a paradigm of

A.Positive and negative reinforcement.
B.Primary and secondary reinforcement.
C.Continuous and secondary reinforcement.
D.Continuous and partial reinforcement.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: D

The daughter is given a chocolate every time she does well, which is continuous reinforcement, and the brother only when he gets the highest marks in the class, which means that the reward is given for only some good performances, partial reinforcement. So the example illustrates continuous and partial reinforcement. Positive and negative reinforcement refer to adding or removing a stimulus, and primary and secondary refer to the type of reinforcer, and here the chocolate is the same for both. Partial reinforcement of the brother's behaviour also makes it more resistant to extinction than the daughter's, who may stop trying the first time she does not get a chocolate. The answer is continuous and partial reinforcement.

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154.

The information in terms of sound is maintained in

A.Semantic code
B.Acoustic code
C.Iconic code
D.Information code

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

Sound information is maintained in the acoustic code, which is the way the short-term memory stores items by their sound, as the mistakes between letters that sound alike show. The semantic code stores information by meaning, the iconic code holds visual images for a very short time, and 'information code' is not a standard term. Evidence for it comes from short-term memory errors, in which people confuse letters such as B, D and P that sound alike, even when the letters were seen and not heard, as shown by Conrad's work. The answer is the acoustic code.

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155.

The perception of a stimulus that is below the threshold for conscious experience is termed as

A.Just noticeable difference
B.Differential threshold
C.Signal detection
D.Subliminal perception

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: D

Perception of a stimulus below the threshold of conscious experience is subliminal perception. The stimulus is too weak or too brief to be consciously noticed, but it may still influence behaviour or feeling.

The just noticeable difference is the smallest change in a stimulus that can be detected, and the differential threshold is the same idea. Signal detection theory is a framework for how a stimulus is detected against noise. None of these means perception below the level of awareness.

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156.

Inspite of passing of many years you have little trouble in remembering where you were when you discovered the 'Taj Tragedy' of 26/11 in Mumbai. What this memory is called ?

A.Implicit memory
B.Flash bulb memory
C.Episodic memory
D.Non-declarative memory

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

Remembering vividly where you were when you heard of a shocking event such as the 26/11 Mumbai attack is flashbulb memory. It is a detailed, long lasting memory of the circumstances in which a surprising and emotionally important event was learned, and it is retained although not always accurately.

Implicit and non-declarative memory are expressed without conscious recall, as in skills, and episodic memory is the general memory for personal events. Flashbulb memory is the particular type of episodic memory for such events, so it is the one that fits.

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157.

Match List - I with List - II and indicate your answer using the codes given below :

List - I (Psychologists)	List - II (Memory Concepts)
p. George Miller	1. Three memory system
q. Atkinson and Shiffrin	2. Working memory
r. Bartlett	3. Magical number \(\gt\) ± 2
s. Alan Badley	4. Constructive memory

Codes : p q r s

A.1 2 3 4
B.2 3 1 4
C.4 2 1 3
D.3 1 4 2

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: D

The correct matching is p-3, q-1, r-4, s-2. George Miller gave the magical number seven plus or minus two for the span of short-term memory, Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the three memory system (sensory, short-term, long-term), Bartlett showed that memory is constructive, and Alan Baddeley proposed working memory.

The other codes give working memory to Miller or the three-store model to Bartlett, which is wrong. The booklet prints the magical number with a greater-than sign, which is a misprint for the usual seven plus or minus two.

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158.

Which of the following is not an error in eye witness testimony ?

A.Suggestibility
B.Illusion of outgoing homogeneity
C.Source monitoring
D.Forgetting

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: D

Forgetting is not counted as an error in eyewitness testimony in this question. The errors listed in the other options are named distortions of eyewitness memory: suggestibility (misleading questions), the illusion of out-group homogeneity (the printed 'outgoing' is a misprint for out-group), and source monitoring errors.

Forgetting is the loss of information and is the ordinary memory failure, so the key treats it as the one that is not one of these particular errors.

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159.

Given below are two statements : Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Indicate your answer using the following codes :

Assertion (A) : Encoding specificity states that a retrieval cue is successful only if it is present at the time of encoding.
Reason (R) : When participants are given category names as retrieval it enables the participant of the experiment to remember which were previously presented to them to remember.
Codes :

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
B.Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
D.(A) is false, but (R) is true.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

Both statements are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). Encoding specificity says a retrieval cue works only if information about it was encoded at the time of learning, and presenting category names as cues helps recall of the words earlier presented.

The reason describes one experimental result, but it does not explain why a cue must be encoded; the principle states it. So the second option is correct, not the one with the explanation.

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160.

Difficulty in deployment of attention can occur in which of the following states :

1. Engagement
2. Distraction
3. Disengagement
4. Shifting

A.1 and 3 only
B.1, 2 and 4 only
C.1, 3 and 4 only
D.2, 3 and 4 only

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: C

Difficulty in deployment of attention can occur in engagement, disengagement and shifting. Attention is deployed by engaging with a target, disengaging from it when it is no longer relevant, and shifting to a new one, and a problem at any of these steps shows up as a difficulty in deploying attention. So the answer is 1, 3 and 4.

Distraction (2) is the effect of an irrelevant stimulus drawing attention away, and the key does not count it as one of the steps of deployment. The options with it are therefore wrong.

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