The branch of biology involved in the study of immune systems in all organisms is called_________.
Answer: C
Correct answer: Immunology
Immunology is the study of immune systems. Botany is the study of plants, microbiology of micro-organisms, and biotechnology the use of living systems for practical ends - each may touch on immunity but none is defined by it.
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What is the result of invasion of a body by pathogens?
Answer: A
Correct answer: Infection
The establishment and multiplication of pathogens in the body is an infection. Inflammation, swelling and pus are consequences - the body’s response to it - rather than the invasion itself.
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Acquired immunity as developed after vaccination or infection is found in
Answer: A
Correct answer: Vertebrates only
Acquired immunity - lymphocytes, antibodies, and memory of a specific antigen - is found only in vertebrates. Invertebrates and plants have effective innate defences, including phagocytic cells and antimicrobial peptides, but nothing that recognises one antigen and remembers it.
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Which of these is a type of specific defense against pathogens?
Answer: A
Correct answer: Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes - B and T cells - carry the specific (acquired) defence: each bears a receptor for one antigen, and the survivors of a response persist as memory. Macrophages, phagocytes and the leucocytes generally act non-specifically, engulfing whatever is marked as foreign.
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A doctor suggested to a couple not to have more than one child because of
Answer: A
Correct answer: Rh+ male Rh- female
The risk arises only when an Rh-negative mother carries a child who may be Rh-positive, which needs an Rh-positive father. The first pregnancy usually passes safely; sensitisation occurs around delivery, and later Rh-positive pregnancies are then at risk of haemolytic disease. (Anti-D immunoglobulin given to the mother now prevents this, so the old advice has been overtaken.)
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Which of the following cells is involved in humoral immunity?
Answer: B
Correct answer: B-cells
Humoral immunity is antibody-mediated, and antibodies are made by B cells - specifically by the plasma cells that B cells become once activated. The name comes from “humour”, the old word for a body fluid, because the protection resides in the blood and lymph rather than in the cells themselves.
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Neutrophils, basophil, lymphocytes, eosinophil and monocytes are examples of ________.
Answer: B
Correct answer: Cellular barriers
These are all leucocytes - white blood cells - and they make up the cellular arm of innate defence: neutrophils and monocytes engulf invaders, eosinophils attack parasites, basophils release inflammatory mediators, and lymphocytes carry the acquired response. Physical barriers are the skin and linings; physiological barriers are conditions such as acid and temperature; cytokine barriers are the interferons.
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What type of B cell remains dormant in the body, but can respond rapidly if the same antigen appears again?
Answer: B
Correct answer: Memory cells
Memory cells are the long-lived survivors of a response. They persist for years without secreting antibody, and on meeting the same antigen again they mount a response that is faster, larger and of higher affinity than the first - which is what vaccination is for, and why most childhood infections are had only once.
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B-cells and T-cells are two types of cells involved in _______________.
Answer: D
Correct answer: Acquired immunity
B and T lymphocytes are the cells of acquired (adaptive) immunity. Each carries a receptor for one particular antigen, so the response is specific, and the survivors of a response persist as memory cells - which is why a second exposure is dealt with faster and harder. Innate immunity uses no such receptors and has no memory.
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Which of the following drugs acts by stimulating toll-like receptors (TLRs)?
Answer: C
Correct answer: Aldara
Aldara is imiquimod, which stimulates TLR7 and so provokes a local release of interferon and other cytokines. It is applied to the skin for genital warts, actinic keratoses and superficial basal cell carcinoma. Doxorubicin is a cytotoxic drug, neosporin an antibiotic ointment, and vimentin a structural protein.
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