Immune System Questions and Answers

Q: Which of the following components of the vertebrate immune response occurs first upon invasion by a virus or bacterium?

Correct answer: The inflammatory responseInflammation is immediate - damaged tissue and resident macrophages release mediators within minutes, dilating vessels and drawing in phagocytes. Complement follows quickly, but the lymphocyte responses take days, because the few cells that recognise the antigen must first be found and made to divide.

Q: Which of the following immunity is obtained during a lifetime?

Correct answer: Both (b) and (c)Innate immunity is present from birth. Everything acquired during life is either active - made by the body after an infection or a vaccination - or passive, received ready-made, as an infant receives antibodies across the placenta and in milk. So both of those qualify.

Q: Innate immunity is

Correct answer: Inborn immunityInnate means inborn: present from birth, needing no prior exposure, and acting the same way against any invader. Its components are the barriers, phagocytes, natural killer cells, complement and interferons. Both forms of acquired immunity, active and passive, are obtained during life.

Q: Monocytes differentiate into which kind of phagocytic cells?

Correct answer: MacrophageA monocyte circulates in the blood for a day or so, then migrates into a tissue and matures into a macrophage - a long-lived, highly phagocytic cell that also presents antigen to T cells. Tissue macrophages go by local names: Kupffer cells in the liver, microglia in the brain, alveolar macrophages in the lung.

Q: The hepatitis B vaccine is an example of _______.

Correct answer: Recombinant VaccineThe hepatitis B vaccine is made by inserting the gene for the virus’s surface antigen into yeast, which then manufactures the protein - so it is a recombinant vaccine, the first to be licensed. It contains only one viral protein and no virus at all, so it cannot cause infection. (It is a subunit vaccine as well; “recombinant” is the more precise description, naming how the subunit is produced.)

Q: Active immunity means

Correct answer: Resistance developed after diseaseActive immunity is what the body builds by responding to an antigen - after an infection, or after a vaccine. It takes days or weeks to develop, but it leaves memory cells and so lasts. Resistance present before any encounter would be innate immunity.

Q: Which of the following groups of pathogens always resides intracellularly in the host?

Correct answer: virusViruses are obligate intracellular parasites: they have no metabolism of their own and can replicate only by using a host cell’s machinery. Fungi, moulds and most bacteria grow perfectly well outside cells, though a few bacteria - Chlamydia and Rickettsia - are intracellular too.

Q: Which of the following does not act as a protecting barrier for the body surface?

Correct answer: Salivary amylaseSalivary amylase is a digestive enzyme: it breaks starch into sugars and has no defensive role. (Saliva does contain lysozyme, which does attack bacteria - but that is a different enzyme.) Skin is the physical barrier, mucus traps what lands on the linings, and gastric acid kills most of what is swallowed.

Q: Which of the following is not part of the vertebrate immune system?

Correct answer: Cardiac glycosidesCardiac glycosides are plant compounds such as digoxin, which act on the heart by inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump. They have nothing to do with immunity. Lymphocytes, antibodies and lymph nodes are all central parts of the vertebrate immune system.

Q: O blood group is universal donor because the blood has

Correct answer: No antigensGroup O red cells carry neither A nor B antigen, so there is nothing on them for an anti-A or anti-B antibody in the recipient to attack - which is why O is the universal donor. The recipient’s own group does not matter for the same reason. (O plasma does carry both antibodies, which is why O is not a universal plasma donor.)

91.

Which of the following components of the vertebrate immune response occurs first upon invasion by a virus or bacterium?

A.Activation of killer T lymphocytes
B.Activation of B lymphocytes
C.The inflammatory response
D.Mobilization of complement proteins

Answer: C

Correct answer: The inflammatory response

Inflammation is immediate - damaged tissue and resident macrophages release mediators within minutes, dilating vessels and drawing in phagocytes. Complement follows quickly, but the lymphocyte responses take days, because the few cells that recognise the antigen must first be found and made to divide.

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92.

Which of the following immunity is obtained during a lifetime?

A.Innate immunity
B.Active immunity
C.Passive immunity
D.Both (b) and (c)

Answer: D

Correct answer: Both (b) and (c)

Innate immunity is present from birth. Everything acquired during life is either active - made by the body after an infection or a vaccination - or passive, received ready-made, as an infant receives antibodies across the placenta and in milk. So both of those qualify.

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93.

Innate immunity is

A.Active acquired immunity
B.Passive acquired immunity
C.Inborn immunity
D.Both B and C

Answer: C

Correct answer: Inborn immunity

Innate means inborn: present from birth, needing no prior exposure, and acting the same way against any invader. Its components are the barriers, phagocytes, natural killer cells, complement and interferons. Both forms of acquired immunity, active and passive, are obtained during life.

Discuss in Forum

94.

Monocytes differentiate into which kind of phagocytic cells?

A.Neutrophil
B.B cell
C.Macrophage
D.T cell

Answer: C

Correct answer: Macrophage

A monocyte circulates in the blood for a day or so, then migrates into a tissue and matures into a macrophage - a long-lived, highly phagocytic cell that also presents antigen to T cells. Tissue macrophages go by local names: Kupffer cells in the liver, microglia in the brain, alveolar macrophages in the lung.

Discuss in Forum

95.

The hepatitis B vaccine is an example of _______.

A.Subunit Vaccine
B.Killer Vaccine
C.Toxoids Vaccine
D.Recombinant Vaccine

Answer: D

Correct answer: Recombinant Vaccine

The hepatitis B vaccine is made by inserting the gene for the virus’s surface antigen into yeast, which then manufactures the protein - so it is a recombinant vaccine, the first to be licensed. It contains only one viral protein and no virus at all, so it cannot cause infection. (It is a subunit vaccine as well; “recombinant” is the more precise description, naming how the subunit is produced.)

Discuss in Forum

96.

Active immunity means

A.resistance developed before disease
B.Resistance developed after disease
C.Increased heart beat
D.Increased flow of blood

Answer: B

Correct answer: Resistance developed after disease

Active immunity is what the body builds by responding to an antigen - after an infection, or after a vaccine. It takes days or weeks to develop, but it leaves memory cells and so lasts. Resistance present before any encounter would be innate immunity.

Discuss in Forum

97.

Which of the following groups of pathogens always resides intracellularly in the host?

A.virus
B.fungi
C.molds
D.bacteria

Answer: A

Correct answer: virus

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites: they have no metabolism of their own and can replicate only by using a host cell’s machinery. Fungi, moulds and most bacteria grow perfectly well outside cells, though a few bacteria - Chlamydia and Rickettsia - are intracellular too.

Discuss in Forum

98.

Which of the following does not act as a protecting barrier for the body surface?

A.Skin
B.Mucus
C.Gastric acid
D.Salivary amylase

Answer: D

Correct answer: Salivary amylase

Salivary amylase is a digestive enzyme: it breaks starch into sugars and has no defensive role. (Saliva does contain lysozyme, which does attack bacteria - but that is a different enzyme.) Skin is the physical barrier, mucus traps what lands on the linings, and gastric acid kills most of what is swallowed.

Discuss in Forum

99.

Which of the following is not part of the vertebrate immune system?

A.Lymphocytes
B.Antibodies
C.Cardiac glycosides
D.Lymph nodes

Answer: C

Correct answer: Cardiac glycosides

Cardiac glycosides are plant compounds such as digoxin, which act on the heart by inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump. They have nothing to do with immunity. Lymphocytes, antibodies and lymph nodes are all central parts of the vertebrate immune system.

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100.

O blood group is universal donor because the blood has

A.Antigen A
B.Antigen B
C.Both antigens A and B
D.No antigens

Answer: D

Correct answer: No antigens

Group O red cells carry neither A nor B antigen, so there is nothing on them for an anti-A or anti-B antibody in the recipient to attack - which is why O is the universal donor. The recipient’s own group does not matter for the same reason. (O plasma does carry both antibodies, which is why O is not a universal plasma donor.)

Discuss in Forum

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