Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :List IList II(a) Lasswell Harold(1) The policy making process(b) Dror Y(2) A framework for policy analysis(c) David Easton(3) Public policy making re-examined(d) Lindblam Charles(4) A preview of policy sciences

The correct code is (a)-(4), (b)-(3), (c)-(2), (d)-(1).(a) Harold Lasswell wrote A Pre-View of Policy Sciences (1971).(b) Yehezkel Dror wrote Public Policymaking Reexamined (1968).(c) David Easton wrote A Framework for Political Analysis (1965), which the list calls a framework for policy analysis.(d) Charles Lindblom wrote The Policy-Making Process (1968).Lasswell's Pre-View is the firmest anchor, and only this code gives it to him. The code (a)-(2), (b)-(3), (c)-(4), (d)-(1) keeps Dror and Lindblom right but swaps Lasswell and Easton; the code (a)-(3), (b)-(4), (c)-(2), (d)-(1) gives Lasswell Dror's book; and the code (a)-(1), (b)-(2), (c)-(3), (d)-(4) gives Lindblom Lasswell's title.

Public Policy Questions and Answers

Q: The Garbage Can Model of policy making is developed by :

The Garbage Can Model was developed by James March and Johan Olsen (the paper spells it 'Marck').Michael Cohen, James March and Johan Olsen presented the model in 1972 to describe decision-making in 'organised anarchies' such as universities. Problems, solutions, participants and choice opportunities flow independently through the organisation, and a decision happens when they meet in the same 'garbage can' at the same time, rather than by a rational search for the best solution.Amitai Etzioni proposed mixed scanning, a compromise between rational and incremental models. Carol Weiss is known for her work on how research is used in policy making. Aaron Wildavsky is known for his study of budgeting as an incremental, political process.

Q: In the outside initiation model of agenda setting issues arise in :

In the outside initiation model, issues arise in non-governmental groups.Roger Cobb, Jennie-Keith Ross and Marc Howard Ross (1976) described three models of agenda setting. In the outside initiation model, an issue is raised by groups outside government, expanded to wider publics through pressure and publicity, and finally forced onto the government's formal agenda. It is typical of pluralist democracies.An issue that arises within government and is then carried to the public is the mobilisation model. An issue raised by influential groups with special access to decision makers, who keep it away from the public, is the inside initiation model. Policy analysts' contributions are not the defining source in any of the three models.

Q: Who is considered as the most important actor in policy implementation ?

The most important actor in implementation is the bureaucracy.Once a policy has been adopted, it is the administrative agencies that turn it into action: they frame rules, allocate resources, deliver services and deal with the people the policy is meant to reach. Their discretion in doing so shapes what the policy finally becomes, which is why implementation studies, from Pressman and Wildavsky to Lipsky's 'street-level bureaucrats', focus on officials.Political leaders and political parties dominate the earlier stages of agenda setting and formulation. Non-governmental actors may take part in delivery or monitoring, but they work alongside the administrative machinery rather than replacing it, so none of them is the chief implementer.

Q: Which of the following is a constraint on rationality in public process ?

The constraint on rationality is conflicting demands.The rational model assumes that the policy maker has a clear and agreed set of goals and can rank the alternatives against them. In public policy this assumption breaks down because different groups make conflicting demands, and there is no single agreed measure by which to weigh one group's values against another's. Policy makers must then bargain and compromise rather than optimise, which is a central reason why decisions are boundedly rational or incremental.Directives of the executive and the objectives of the Constitution give direction to policy. The existence of multiple administrative units is a matter of organisation and coordination, not a limit on the logic of choosing between alternatives.

Q: Which of the following characteristics describe the nature of public policy ?(a) Policy may be narrow or broad.(b) Policy may be specific or general.(c) Policy may be positive or negativeSelect the correct code :

The correct code is (a), (b) and (c).Public policy varies along all three lines. A policy may be broad, such as a national education policy, or narrow, such as a rule on school uniforms (a). It may be general, setting out aims, or specific, laying down detailed actions (b). And it may be positive, some action the government takes, or negative, a deliberate decision not to act, which Thomas Dye's definition ('whatever governments choose to do or not to do') includes (c).So any code leaving out one of the three statements is incomplete.

Q: Which one of the given below is a non-official actor who influences policy making ?

The non-official actor is pressure groups.Official policy actors hold positions in government and have legal authority over policy: the legislature, the executive and the bureaucracy (and the judiciary). Non-official actors, such as pressure groups, political parties, the media and citizens, have no such authority but influence policy from outside.The legislature, the executive and the bureaucracy are all official actors, so they are wrong.

Q: Normative Policy Analysis is concerned with :

Normative policy analysis is concerned with value judgements.Policy analysis is often divided into empirical (positive) analysis, which describes what policies are and what effects they have, and normative analysis, which asks what policy ought to be, judging goals and outcomes against values such as equity or efficiency.Description of facts is empirical analysis, not normative, so 'Both' is also wrong. Anecdotes are not a basis of policy analysis of either kind.

Q: The communication media sets public agenda by :(a) Amplifying issues(b) Bringing issues to the public attention(c) Broadcasting thought provoking documentaries concerning community life/ human lifeSelect the correct code :

The correct code is (a), (b) and (c).The media's agenda-setting role works by deciding which issues people think about. They amplify some issues by covering them prominently and repeatedly (a), bring issues to public attention that would otherwise go unnoticed (b), and raise concern through programmes such as documentaries on community and human life (c).All three are ways the media shape what the public, and so policy makers, see as important, so the codes leaving any of them out are incomplete.

11.

The Garbage Can Model of policy making is developed by :

A.James Marck and Johan Olsen
B.Amitai Etzioni
C.Carol Weiss
D.Aaron Wildvasky

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: A

The Garbage Can Model was developed by James March and Johan Olsen (the paper spells it 'Marck').

Michael Cohen, James March and Johan Olsen presented the model in 1972 to describe decision-making in 'organised anarchies' such as universities. Problems, solutions, participants and choice opportunities flow independently through the organisation, and a decision happens when they meet in the same 'garbage can' at the same time, rather than by a rational search for the best solution.

Amitai Etzioni proposed mixed scanning, a compromise between rational and incremental models. Carol Weiss is known for her work on how research is used in policy making. Aaron Wildavsky is known for his study of budgeting as an incremental, political process.

Discuss in Forum

12.

In the outside initiation model of agenda setting issues arise in :

A.Within the government
B.Non-governmental groups
C.Influential group with access to policy makers
D.In policy analysts contribution

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: B

In the outside initiation model, issues arise in non-governmental groups.

Roger Cobb, Jennie-Keith Ross and Marc Howard Ross (1976) described three models of agenda setting. In the outside initiation model, an issue is raised by groups outside government, expanded to wider publics through pressure and publicity, and finally forced onto the government's formal agenda. It is typical of pluralist democracies.

An issue that arises within government and is then carried to the public is the mobilisation model. An issue raised by influential groups with special access to decision makers, who keep it away from the public, is the inside initiation model. Policy analysts' contributions are not the defining source in any of the three models.

Discuss in Forum

13.

Who is considered as the most important actor in policy implementation ?

A.Political leaders
B.Non-governmental actors
C.Bureaucracy
D.Political parties

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: C

The most important actor in implementation is the bureaucracy.

Once a policy has been adopted, it is the administrative agencies that turn it into action: they frame rules, allocate resources, deliver services and deal with the people the policy is meant to reach. Their discretion in doing so shapes what the policy finally becomes, which is why implementation studies, from Pressman and Wildavsky to Lipsky's 'street-level bureaucrats', focus on officials.

Political leaders and political parties dominate the earlier stages of agenda setting and formulation. Non-governmental actors may take part in delivery or monitoring, but they work alongside the administrative machinery rather than replacing it, so none of them is the chief implementer.

Discuss in Forum

14.

Which of the following is a constraint on rationality in public process ?

A.Directives of executive
B.Objectives of the constitution
C.Conflicting demands
D.Multiple administrative units

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: C

The constraint on rationality is conflicting demands.

The rational model assumes that the policy maker has a clear and agreed set of goals and can rank the alternatives against them. In public policy this assumption breaks down because different groups make conflicting demands, and there is no single agreed measure by which to weigh one group's values against another's. Policy makers must then bargain and compromise rather than optimise, which is a central reason why decisions are boundedly rational or incremental.

Directives of the executive and the objectives of the Constitution give direction to policy. The existence of multiple administrative units is a matter of organisation and coordination, not a limit on the logic of choosing between alternatives.

Discuss in Forum

15.

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :

List I	List II
(a) Lasswell Harold	(1) The policy making process
(b) Dror Y	(2) A framework for policy analysis
(c) David Easton	(3) Public policy making re-examined
(d) Lindblam Charles	(4) A preview of policy sciences

A.(a)-(1), (b)-(2), (c)-(3), (d)-(4)
B.(a)-(2), (b)-(3), (c)-(4), (d)-(1)
C.(a)-(3), (b)-(4), (c)-(2), (d)-(1)
D.(a)-(4), (b)-(3), (c)-(2), (d)-(1)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: D

The correct code is (a)-(4), (b)-(3), (c)-(2), (d)-(1).

(a) Harold Lasswell wrote A Pre-View of Policy Sciences (1971).
(b) Yehezkel Dror wrote Public Policymaking Reexamined (1968).
(c) David Easton wrote A Framework for Political Analysis (1965), which the list calls a framework for policy analysis.
(d) Charles Lindblom wrote The Policy-Making Process (1968).

Lasswell's Pre-View is the firmest anchor, and only this code gives it to him. The code (a)-(2), (b)-(3), (c)-(4), (d)-(1) keeps Dror and Lindblom right but swaps Lasswell and Easton; the code (a)-(3), (b)-(4), (c)-(2), (d)-(1) gives Lasswell Dror's book; and the code (a)-(1), (b)-(2), (c)-(3), (d)-(4) gives Lindblom Lasswell's title.

Discuss in Forum

16.

Assertion (A) and Reason (R) Pattern :

Assertion (A) : Government data and reports matter in policy problem definition.
Reason (R) : Feedback provides information on current performance and unanticipated consequences.

Answer the question using the codes given below :

Codes :

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
B.Only (A) is true, (R) is false
C.Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
D.Both (A) and (R) are false

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: C

Both statements are true but the Reason does not explain the Assertion, so the answer is Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A) (note that this question orders its codes differently).

The Assertion is true: official statistics, surveys and reports are a major source of evidence that a problem exists and of its size, so they shape how a policy problem is defined and put on the agenda.

The Reason is also true, but it concerns a different stage. Feedback is information on how existing policies are performing and on their unintended consequences; it belongs to monitoring and evaluation. It does not explain why government data and reports matter when a problem is first defined, so (R) is not the explanation of (A).

Discuss in Forum

17.

Which of the following characteristics describe the nature of public policy ?

(a) Policy may be narrow or broad.
(b) Policy may be specific or general.
(c) Policy may be positive or negative

Select the correct code :

A.Only (a) and (b)
B.Only (b) and (c)
C.(a), (b) and (c)
D.Only (c)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: C

The correct code is (a), (b) and (c).

Public policy varies along all three lines. A policy may be broad, such as a national education policy, or narrow, such as a rule on school uniforms (a). It may be general, setting out aims, or specific, laying down detailed actions (b). And it may be positive, some action the government takes, or negative, a deliberate decision not to act, which Thomas Dye's definition ('whatever governments choose to do or not to do') includes (c).

So any code leaving out one of the three statements is incomplete.

Discuss in Forum

18.

Which one of the given below is a non-official actor who influences policy making ?

A.Legislature
B.Executive
C.Pressure groups
D.Bureaucracy

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: C

The non-official actor is pressure groups.

Official policy actors hold positions in government and have legal authority over policy: the legislature, the executive and the bureaucracy (and the judiciary). Non-official actors, such as pressure groups, political parties, the media and citizens, have no such authority but influence policy from outside.

The legislature, the executive and the bureaucracy are all official actors, so they are wrong.

Discuss in Forum

19.

Normative Policy Analysis is concerned with :

A.Description of facts
B.Value Judgements
C.Both (A) and (B)
D.Anecdotes

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: B

Normative policy analysis is concerned with value judgements.

Policy analysis is often divided into empirical (positive) analysis, which describes what policies are and what effects they have, and normative analysis, which asks what policy ought to be, judging goals and outcomes against values such as equity or efficiency.

Description of facts is empirical analysis, not normative, so 'Both' is also wrong. Anecdotes are not a basis of policy analysis of either kind.

Discuss in Forum

20.

The communication media sets public agenda by :

(a) Amplifying issues
(b) Bringing issues to the public attention
(c) Broadcasting thought provoking documentaries concerning community life/ human life

Select the correct code :

A.Only (a) and (b)
B.(a), (b) and (c)
C.Only (b) and (c)
D.Only (c)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: B

The correct code is (a), (b) and (c).

The media's agenda-setting role works by deciding which issues people think about. They amplify some issues by covering them prominently and repeatedly (a), bring issues to public attention that would otherwise go unnoticed (b), and raise concern through programmes such as documentaries on community and human life (c).

All three are ways the media shape what the public, and so policy makers, see as important, so the codes leaving any of them out are incomplete.

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