Attention, Perception, Learning and Memory Questions and Answers

Q: Working memory involves which of the following ?

Working memory involves storage capacity and processing capacity.Working memory is the system that holds information for a short time and, at the same time, works on it, for example when doing mental arithmetic or following a sentence. It therefore has both a limited store and a limited processing capacity.Biographical and semantic information belong to long-term memory (personal and factual knowledge). Any option that pairs storage or processing with them mixes in long-term contents, so those options are wrong.

Q: Match List - I with List - II and indicate your answer with the help of codes given below :List - I (Description)List - II (Phenomena)p. Stimuli associated with information stored in memory that can aid in its recall.1. State dependent retrieval.q. Information entered into memory in one setting is easier to recall in that setting than in others.2. Encoding specificity principler. Our physical states serve as retrieval cues for information stored in long term memory.3. Retrieval cuess. Retrieval of information is successful to the extent that the retrieval cues match the cues the learner used during learning phase.4. Context dependent memoryCodes :p q r s

The correct code is 3 4 1 2.Stimuli associated with stored information that help recall are retrieval cues (3). Better recall in the setting in which the material was learned is context dependent memory (4). When physical states act as retrieval cues, this is state dependent retrieval (1). Retrieval that succeeds to the extent that cues at recall match cues used at learning is the encoding specificity principle (2).The other codes swap these pairs, for example giving the encoding specificity principle to the setting-based description, which is context dependence, so they fail.

Q: What are the variables affecting the stroboscopic movement perception ?

Both variables matter, so the answer is Both (A) and (B).Stroboscopic (apparent) movement is seen when two lights flashed one after another are perceived as one moving light. Its strength depends on the intensity of the flashes, the distance between the two lights, and the time interval between the flashes. Option (A) names the first factor and option (B) names the other two, and both are real determinants.'Intensity only' or 'distance and time only' each leaves out a factor that is known to affect the effect, and 'neither' is plainly false.

241.

Which one of the following does not belong to the mechanism of operant learning ?

A.Events that follow an action
B.Involuntary response
C.Process that weakens or suppresses behaviour
D.Use of consequences to strengthen behaviour.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

Involuntary response does not belong to operant learning. Operant behaviour is voluntary and is shaped by the events that follow it. Involuntary, reflex responses are the province of classical (respondent) conditioning.

Events that follow an action, a process that weakens behaviour (punishment) and the use of consequences to strengthen behaviour (reinforcement) all describe how operant learning works.

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242.

The procedure called 'semantic priming' is used to study which of the following phenomena ?

A.Signal detection ability
B.Field dependence - independence
C.Locus of control
D.Subliminal perception

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

Semantic priming is used to study subliminal perception. A prime word flashed too briefly to be consciously seen can speed the recognition of a related target word, which shows that meaning was processed without awareness.

Signal detection ability is studied with detection tasks measuring sensitivity and criterion. Field dependence-independence is measured with embedded figures tests. Locus of control is measured by internal-external scales, so none of these uses priming.

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243.

Our expectancies, learning, past experiences and cultural factors play a critical role in shaping our perception. This is well explained by

A.Information processing approach
B.Bottom-up processing approach
C.Top-down processing approach
D.Hierarchical processing approach

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The role of expectancies, learning, past experience and culture in shaping perception is explained by the top-down processing approach. Perception here is driven by knowledge and expectation in the perceiver, which guides interpretation of incoming sensory data.

Bottom-up processing starts from the stimulus features and builds up. The information processing approach is a general framework, and hierarchical processing refers to successive levels of analysis, so neither names the influence of expectation and experience.

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244.

The memory which contains factual information is called

A.Semantic memory
B.Declarative memory
C.Procedural memory
D.Episodic memory

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

Declarative memory is the memory that holds factual information, the things we can state or declare. It includes semantic memory (general knowledge) and episodic memory (personal events).

Semantic memory is only a part of the factual store, and episodic memory covers events one has lived through, so each is narrower. Procedural memory is for skills and habits, such as riding a bicycle, and is not factual knowledge.

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245.

Which of the following models accepts that the more deeply information is processed, the more likely it is to be retained ?

A.Level of processing model
B.Retrieval cues model
C.Atkinson and Shiffrin model
D.Trace model

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The levels of processing model, of Craik and Lockhart, accepts that the more deeply information is processed, the more likely it is to be remembered. Deep processing of meaning leaves a stronger trace than shallow processing of appearance or sound.

The retrieval cues model stresses the role of cues at recall. The Atkinson and Shiffrin model is the multi-store model of sensory, short-term and long-term memory. The trace model is not a depth-of-processing account.

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246.

Read the following two statements, Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and indicate your answer using the codes given below :

Assertion (A) : Many amputees experience phantom limb syndrome where in they continue to feel their missing limbs after surgery.
Reason (R) : The image of one's body's boundaries continue to function even after parts of the body are removed.
Codes :

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
B.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
D.(A) is false, but (R) is true.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

Both statements are true and R explains A. Many amputees feel their missing limb after surgery, which is phantom limb syndrome.

The reason says the internal image of the body's boundaries continues to function after parts are removed, so the brain's body representation still signals the limb. That is the accepted explanation, so R accounts for A, and the options that deny the link or call a statement false are wrong.

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247.

Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Indicate your answer using the codes given below :

Assertion (A) : In a maze learning experiment rats who were reinforced from the beginning and those which were not reinforced until the eleventh day of the experiment, did not show any difference in learning and performance.
Reason (R) : It is possible for learning to remain dormant for a considerable length of time before it is manifested in behaviour.
Codes :

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
B.Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
D.(A) is false, but (R) is true.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

Both statements are true and R explains A. In the latent learning experiments of Tolman and Honzik, rats rewarded only from the eleventh day did as well as the always rewarded rats soon after reward began, so the learning had already happened.

R states that learning can stay dormant for a long time before it shows in behaviour, which explains why the late-rewarded group was not behind. The options that deny R or its link to A are wrong.

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248.

Working memory involves which of the following ?

A.Storage capacity and Biographical information
B.Semantic information and Processing capacity
C.Storage capacity and Processing capacity
D.Biographical information and Semantic information

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

Working memory involves storage capacity and processing capacity.

Working memory is the system that holds information for a short time and, at the same time, works on it, for example when doing mental arithmetic or following a sentence. It therefore has both a limited store and a limited processing capacity.

Biographical and semantic information belong to long-term memory (personal and factual knowledge). Any option that pairs storage or processing with them mixes in long-term contents, so those options are wrong.

Discuss in Forum

249.

Match List - I with List - II and indicate your answer with the help of codes given below :

List - I (Description)	List - II (Phenomena)
p. Stimuli associated with information stored in memory that can aid in its recall.	1. State dependent retrieval.
q. Information entered into memory in one setting is easier to recall in that setting than in others.	2. Encoding specificity principle
r. Our physical states serve as retrieval cues for information stored in long term memory.	3. Retrieval cues
s. Retrieval of information is successful to the extent that the retrieval cues match the cues the learner used during learning phase.	4. Context dependent memory

Codes :
p q r s

A.3 4 1 2
B.4 2 3 1
C.1 3 4 2
D.4 1 2 3

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The correct code is 3 4 1 2.

Stimuli associated with stored information that help recall are retrieval cues (3). Better recall in the setting in which the material was learned is context dependent memory (4). When physical states act as retrieval cues, this is state dependent retrieval (1). Retrieval that succeeds to the extent that cues at recall match cues used at learning is the encoding specificity principle (2).

The other codes swap these pairs, for example giving the encoding specificity principle to the setting-based description, which is context dependence, so they fail.

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250.

What are the variables affecting the stroboscopic movement perception ?

A.Intensity of light flashes only.
B.The physical distance separating light flashes and time interval between the flashes only.
C.Both (A) and (B).
D.Neither (A) nor (B).

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

Both variables matter, so the answer is Both (A) and (B).

Stroboscopic (apparent) movement is seen when two lights flashed one after another are perceived as one moving light. Its strength depends on the intensity of the flashes, the distance between the two lights, and the time interval between the flashes. Option (A) names the first factor and option (B) names the other two, and both are real determinants.

'Intensity only' or 'distance and time only' each leaves out a factor that is known to affect the effect, and 'neither' is plainly false.

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