Comparative Political Analysis Questions and Answers

121.

Who among the following is associated with Institutional Approach ?

A.James Bryce
B.Merriam
C.Arthur Bentley
D.Lasswell

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

James Bryce is associated with the institutional approach in political science. In The American Commonwealth and Modern Democracies he described and compared the formal structures of government, legislatures, executives and courts. Merriam is a pioneer of the Chicago school of behavioural study, Arthur Bentley is known for the group approach in The Process of Government, and Lasswell for the study of power and psychology. So option A is correct. The institutional approach is the oldest of the approaches to the study of politics and concentrates on constitutions, legal rules and organs of government, which is why Bryce is its standard name.

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122.

Who among the following challenged the idea of political development as an unilinear process ?

A.Shils
B.Huntington
C.Almond
D.Halpren

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

Huntington challenged the idea that political development is a unilinear process. In Political Order in Changing Societies he argued that modernisation can bring decay and disorder if political institutions do not keep pace with social mobilisation, so development can go forward or back. Shils, Almond and Halpern wrote about political modernisation more in terms of stages or functions. So option B is correct. Huntington's point was that modernisation of the economy and society can outrun political institutions, which produces instability, so development is not a one-way ladder as earlier writers like Almond and Shils implied.

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123.

Which of the following pairs are not correctly matched ?

List - I (Thinkers)	List - II (Concepts)
i. Easton	Regulatory mechanisms
ii. Deutsch	Modernising oligarchy
iii. Shils	Structural differentiation
iv. Lucian Pye	Negative Feedback

Select the correct answer from the codes given below :

A.ii and iii
B.i and ii
C.i, iii and iv
D.ii, iii and iv

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The key states that pairs ii, iii and iv are not correctly matched. Easton is rightly linked to regulatory mechanisms in the political system, which makes the first pair correct. The pairings of Deutsch with modernising oligarchy, Shils with structural differentiation and Pye with negative feedback do not hold in the key, since those concepts are tied by the setter to other thinkers. So option D is correct.

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124.

What is 'Cultural Dualism" ?

A.The existence of two religious cultures.
B.Newly emerging nations have two languages.
C.A small elite is modernized while the vast majority remains in rigid ascriptive patterns of tradition.
D.It is separation of the sacred from the secular.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

Cultural dualism describes a situation in which a small elite is modernised while the vast majority remains in rigid, ascriptive patterns of tradition. It is discussed in the literature on political modernisation in developing countries, where the gap between the Westernised few and the traditional many creates tension. It is not about two religious cultures, two languages, or separating the sacred from the secular. So option C is correct. The idea belongs to the study of political modernisation, in which writers noted the sharp divide in new States between a modern, usually urban elite and the mass of traditional rural people.

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125.

Identify the correct sequence of the following input functions of Almond's Political System :

(i) Interest aggregation
(ii) Interest articulation
(iii) Political socialisation and recruitment
(iv) Political communication
Select the correct answer from the codes given below :

A.(ii), (iii), (i) and (iv)
B.(iii), (ii), (i) and (iv)
C.(iii), (i), (ii) and (iv)
D.(i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The key gives the order of the input functions of Almond's political system as political socialisation and recruitment, interest articulation, interest aggregation, and political communication. That is (iii), (ii), (i) and (iv), option B. People are first socialised into the political culture, then they voice demands, the demands are combined into policy choices, and the system communicates throughout. The other options put the functions in a different order. Almond and Powell grouped the functions as input functions, which are political socialisation, recruitment, articulation, aggregation and communication, and output functions, which are rule making, rule application and rule adjudication.

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126.

The difference between order and disorder is more important than the difference between communism and liberal democracy is advocated by

A.Lipset
B.Lijphart
C.Dahl
D.Huntington

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The view that the difference between order and disorder is more important than the difference between communism and liberal democracy is advocated by Huntington. In Political Order in Changing Societies he puts the emphasis on the degree of government, strong institutions and stability, over the form of regime. Lipset, Lijphart and Dahl are known for work on democracy and its conditions. So option D is correct. Huntington argued that a stable government of any type is better than disorder, so the strength of political institutions matters more than the label of the regime.

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127.

Assertion (A) : The arguments of C. Wright Mill's power elites are based on the classical elitist framework.

Reason (R) : Elitist formulation is not possible without reference to classical elitism.
Codes :

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
B.Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C.(A) is true but (R) is false.
D.(A) is false but (R) is true.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The Assertion is true and the Reason is false in the key. C. Wright Mills's power elite argument draws on the classical elitist framework of Mosca, Pareto and Michels, which is why the Assertion is accepted. The Reason, that an elitist formulation is not possible without reference to classical elitism, is a sweeping claim that the key does not accept. So option C is correct. Mills argued in The Power Elite that the United States was ruled by a small group from the military, corporate and political fields, and the key regards the claim about necessity of classical elitism as too strong.

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128.

Match List - I with List - II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :

List - I (Theories of Political Parties)	List - II (Propounders)
a. Development Theory	i. Giovomin Sartori
b. Spatial theory	ii. Joseph la Palombara
c. Re-alignment theory	iii. Maurice Duverger
d. Permeation theory	iv. Bunham and Sandquist

Codes : a b c d

A.i ii iii iv
B.ii i iv iii
C.iii iv ii i
D.iv ii i iii

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The matching is a-ii, b-i, c-iv, d-iii. The development theory of parties is associated with Joseph La Palombara, who linked the rise of parties to the crises of political development. Spatial theory, the placing of parties and voters along a left-right line, is credited to Giovanni Sartori in this list. Re-alignment theory is credited to Burnham and Sundquist, who wrote about critical elections and shifts in party support. The permeation theory, by which a party spreads its influence into other bodies, is credited to Maurice Duverger. That order is ii, i, iv, iii, which is option B.

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129.

According to Almond, which one is not a condition for political development ?

A.Availability of resources
B.Adequate response to challenges
C.Overlapping of stages of development
D.Congruent development of the other social systems

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The one that is not a condition for political development in Almond's account is the overlapping of stages of development. Almond's view is that political development requires the availability of resources, an adequate response to the challenges that arise, and congruent development of the other social systems, so that polity and society move together. The option that speaks of overlapping stages is not one of these conditions. The other three are therefore conditions and option C is the answer.

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130.

Corporatism is an approach that is centrally concerned about

A.Structures of the public sector
B.Functions of the political system
C.Class conflict is interest based
D.Stresses the state and society interactions, especially the role of social interests influencing policy

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

Corporatism is centrally concerned with state and society interactions, especially the role of social interests in influencing policy. In it organised interests such as business and labour are brought into the making of policy by the state, which gives them a recognised and often monopoly role of representation. It is not mainly about structures of the public sector or the functions of the political system, which are the interests of administrative theory and structural functionalism. Nor is it centrally about class conflict, which Marxist writers stress. Option D is correct.

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