Ecosystems and Biodiversity Questions and Answers

Q: Olive Ridley Sea turtle have begun emerging on the sea waters of :

The key's answer is the Odisha Coast.Odisha has the world's largest mass-nesting sites of the olive ridley sea turtle. Hundreds of thousands of females emerge from the sea together in an arribada at Gahirmatha, the Rushikulya river mouth and the Devi river mouth, usually between January and March. Gahirmatha is protected as a marine sanctuary.Olive ridleys also nest in much smaller numbers on the Konkan coast of Maharashtra, including Sindhudurg beaches near Devgad and Malvan, where community hatcheries protect the eggs, but these are scattered nests, not mass emergence. The Sundarbans are a mangrove delta, not a known nesting coast for the species.

Q: The process by which the species composition and habitat in an area changes over time until replaced by a 'Climax community' is termed as :

The process is ecological succession.Ecological succession is the general term for the orderly change in species composition and habitat in an area over time, through a series of seral stages, until a relatively stable climax community is reached.Primary and secondary succession are its two types: primary succession starts on bare ground with no soil, such as rock or lava, and secondary succession follows a disturbance that leaves soil in place, such as fire or abandoned farmland. Each is narrower than the process described. 'Community succession' is not the standard term.

Q: Which of the following pairs is a mismatch ?

The mismatch is Epiphytes - Prairie.Epiphytes, plants such as orchids and ferns growing on other plants, are typical of tropical rain forests, where trees provide support and humidity is high. Prairies are temperate grasslands with few trees, so they have almost no epiphytes.The other pairs are correct. Coniferous forests are dominated by evergreen trees; savannas have scattered thorny trees such as acacias among grasses; and the tundra is defined by permafrost, permanently frozen subsoil.

Q: Choose the correct answer from the codes given below.Assertion (A) : The pyramid of grassland ecosystem is upright.Reason (R) : The producers are maximum in number and tertiary consumers are least in number.

Both statements are correct, so the answer is (A) and (R) are correct.An ecological pyramid of numbers for a grassland is upright: the base is formed by a very large number of grasses and herbs (producers), above them fewer herbivores such as grasshoppers, then still fewer carnivores such as frogs and snakes, and at the top only a few tertiary consumers such as hawks. The Reason states exactly this pattern of numbers, which is why the pyramid narrows upward.The options saying only one statement is correct are therefore wrong, and the last option is wrong because the Reason does describe why the pyramid is upright.

Q: Which is the oldest National Park in India ?

The oldest is Jim Corbett National Park.Established in 1936 as Hailey National Park in present-day Uttarakhand, it was India's first national park. It was renamed after the hunter-turned-conservationist Jim Corbett in 1956 and became the first reserve under Project Tiger in 1973.Kanha (1955), Kaziranga (1974) and Sundarbans (1984) were declared national parks much later.The park lies along the Ramganga river in the Himalayan foothills, and its Dhikala zone is its best-known area for seeing tigers and elephants.

Q: The "Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary" in Tripura is famous for

Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary is famous for the Gaur (Indian Bison).The sanctuary, in the South Tripura district near Belonia, was set up in 1988 and is best known for its population of gaur, the Indian bison.Phayre's langur (the spectacled monkey) is the animal Tripura's Sepahijala Wildlife Sanctuary is best known for, which is the main trap. The clouded leopard and hornbills are found in the state's forests, but neither is what Trishna is famous for.

Q: As per "All India Tiger Estimation Report, 2018, which one of the given below States has highest number of tigers ?

The state with the highest number of tigers was Madhya Pradesh.The All India Tiger Estimation 2018, released on 29 July 2019, put India's tiger population at about 2,967. Madhya Pradesh had the most, 526, regaining the title of 'Tiger State'.Karnataka was a very close second with 524, followed by Uttarakhand with 442 and Maharashtra with 312.The estimation is carried out every four years using camera traps and field surveys; the 2018 round was the fourth, after 2006, 2010 and 2014.

181.

Olive Ridley Sea turtle have begun emerging on the sea waters of :

A.Devgad Coast
B.Odisha Coast
C.Malvan Coast
D.Sundarbans

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: B

The key's answer is the Odisha Coast.

Odisha has the world's largest mass-nesting sites of the olive ridley sea turtle. Hundreds of thousands of females emerge from the sea together in an arribada at Gahirmatha, the Rushikulya river mouth and the Devi river mouth, usually between January and March. Gahirmatha is protected as a marine sanctuary.

Olive ridleys also nest in much smaller numbers on the Konkan coast of Maharashtra, including Sindhudurg beaches near Devgad and Malvan, where community hatcheries protect the eggs, but these are scattered nests, not mass emergence. The Sundarbans are a mangrove delta, not a known nesting coast for the species.

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182.

What happens when alien species are introduced unintentionally ?

A.Decrease of alien species
B.Increase in habital
C.They turn invasive and cause increase species
D.They turn invasive and cause decline or extinction of indigenous species

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: D

They turn invasive and cause decline or extinction of indigenous species.

An alien species introduced by accident, for example in ships' ballast water or with imported grain, often arrives without the predators, parasites and diseases that kept it in check at home. It can then spread rapidly and out-compete, prey on or infect native species. Lantana, water hyacinth and Parthenium in India are examples; invasive species are one of the main causes of biodiversity loss.

A decrease of the alien species is the opposite of what usually happens to a successful invader. 'Increase in habital' and 'cause increase species' do not describe any recognised effect of invasion.

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183.

The process by which the species composition and habitat in an area changes over time until replaced by a 'Climax community' is termed as :

A.Primary succession
B.Secondary succession
C.Community succession
D.Ecological succession

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: D

The process is ecological succession.

Ecological succession is the general term for the orderly change in species composition and habitat in an area over time, through a series of seral stages, until a relatively stable climax community is reached.

Primary and secondary succession are its two types: primary succession starts on bare ground with no soil, such as rock or lava, and secondary succession follows a disturbance that leaves soil in place, such as fire or abandoned farmland. Each is narrower than the process described. 'Community succession' is not the standard term.

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184.

Which of the following pairs is a mismatch ?

A.Evergreen trees - Coniferous forest
B.Thorny trees - Savanna
C.Permafrost - Tundra
D.Epiphytes - Prairie

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: D

The mismatch is Epiphytes - Prairie.

Epiphytes, plants such as orchids and ferns growing on other plants, are typical of tropical rain forests, where trees provide support and humidity is high. Prairies are temperate grasslands with few trees, so they have almost no epiphytes.

The other pairs are correct. Coniferous forests are dominated by evergreen trees; savannas have scattered thorny trees such as acacias among grasses; and the tundra is defined by permafrost, permanently frozen subsoil.

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185.

Choose the correct answer from the codes given below.

Assertion (A) : The pyramid of grassland ecosystem is upright.
Reason (R) : The producers are maximum in number and tertiary consumers are least in number.

A.(A) and (R) are correct
B.(A) alone is correct
C.(R) alone is correct
D.(A) is correct (R) is not the reason for (A)

Exam Year(s)

TNPSC Group 1 - 2017, TNPSC - 2017,

Answer: A

Both statements are correct, so the answer is (A) and (R) are correct.

An ecological pyramid of numbers for a grassland is upright: the base is formed by a very large number of grasses and herbs (producers), above them fewer herbivores such as grasshoppers, then still fewer carnivores such as frogs and snakes, and at the top only a few tertiary consumers such as hawks. The Reason states exactly this pattern of numbers, which is why the pyramid narrows upward.

The options saying only one statement is correct are therefore wrong, and the last option is wrong because the Reason does describe why the pyramid is upright.

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186.

Match the following and find out the correct sequence.

Term	Meaning
(a) Abiotic component	1. The crushed cane after extraction of juice
(b) Bagasse	2. Animals that feed on other animals
(c) Carcinogen	3. Non-living component in an eco system
(d) Carnivorous	4. Toxic organic compound causing cancer

Codes (a), (b), (c), (d):

A.1 2 3 4
B.2 3 4 1
C.3 1 4 2
D.4 1 2 3

Exam Year(s)

TNPSC Group 1 - 2025, TNPSC - 2025,

Answer: C

The correct matching is the abiotic component with the non-living component of an eco system (3), bagasse with the crushed cane after extraction of juice (1), a carcinogen with a toxic organic compound causing cancer (4) and carnivorous with animals that feed on other animals (2), the code 3 1 4 2.

The other codes interchange these meanings, for example by calling bagasse a carcinogen or a carnivore a non-living component.

Bagasse is the fibrous residue of sugarcane crushing and is used as fuel and in paper making, and carnivores such as lions and tigers eat other animals.

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187.

Assertion [A] : Overloading of Nitrogen in the environment can cause an imbalance to the natural nitrogen cycle.
Reason [R] : Nitrogen becomes a pollutant when it escapes into the environment and reacts with other organic compounds.

A.[A] is true but [R] is false
B.Both [A] and [R] are true; and [R] is the correct explanation of [A]
C.[A] is false, [R] is true
D.Both [A] and [R] are true, but [R] is not the correct explanation of [A]

Exam Year(s)

TNPSC Group 1 - 2025, TNPSC - 2025,

Answer: A

The official final key is (A): [A] is true but [R] is false. Over-supply of reactive nitrogen (from fertilisers and combustion) does upset the natural nitrogen cycle, so [A] is true.

The reason is faulty because reactive nitrogen becomes a pollutant mainly as nitrate, ammonia and nitrogen oxides in water and air, not by reacting with "other organic compounds". The pen tick on the booklet marked (B), the tentative answer, which the final key changed.

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188.

Which is the oldest National Park in India ?

A.Sundarban National Park
B.Kanha National Park
C.Kaziranga National Park
D.Jim Corbett National Park

Exam Year(s)

Tripura Public Service Commission - 2021,

Answer: D

The oldest is Jim Corbett National Park.

Established in 1936 as Hailey National Park in present-day Uttarakhand, it was India's first national park. It was renamed after the hunter-turned-conservationist Jim Corbett in 1956 and became the first reserve under Project Tiger in 1973.

Kanha (1955), Kaziranga (1974) and Sundarbans (1984) were declared national parks much later.

The park lies along the Ramganga river in the Himalayan foothills, and its Dhikala zone is its best-known area for seeing tigers and elephants.

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189.

The "Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary" in Tripura is famous for

A.Clouded Leopard
B.Gaur (Indian Bison)
C.Phayre's Langur
D.Hornbills

Exam Year(s)

Tripura Public Service Commission - 2026,

Answer: B

Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary is famous for the Gaur (Indian Bison).

The sanctuary, in the South Tripura district near Belonia, was set up in 1988 and is best known for its population of gaur, the Indian bison.

Phayre's langur (the spectacled monkey) is the animal Tripura's Sepahijala Wildlife Sanctuary is best known for, which is the main trap. The clouded leopard and hornbills are found in the state's forests, but neither is what Trishna is famous for.

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190.

As per "All India Tiger Estimation Report, 2018, which one of the given below States has highest number of tigers ?

A.Madhya Pradesh
B.Karnataka
C.Uttarakhand
D.Maharashtra

Exam Year(s)

Tripura Public Service Commission - 2019,

Answer: A

The state with the highest number of tigers was Madhya Pradesh.

The All India Tiger Estimation 2018, released on 29 July 2019, put India's tiger population at about 2,967. Madhya Pradesh had the most, 526, regaining the title of 'Tiger State'.

Karnataka was a very close second with 524, followed by Uttarakhand with 442 and Maharashtra with 312.

The estimation is carried out every four years using camera traps and field surveys; the 2018 round was the fourth, after 2006, 2010 and 2014.

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