Forensic Science and Physical Evidence Questions and Answers

Q: While taking a close-up photograph of the subject at crime scene, flash attachment is covered with a tissue/handkerchief to prevent :

The tissue over the flash is meant to prevent the washing-out effect.In close-up photography a flash at short distance gives far too much light, overexposing the subject so that fine detail, for example in a fingerprint, tool mark or small wound, is washed out to white. Covering the flash with a layer of tissue or a handkerchief diffuses and reduces the light, giving a softer, even exposure that keeps the detail.Shadows are controlled mainly by the angle of the light (oblique lighting is used deliberately to create them for impressions), bouncing is a separate technique of reflecting flash off a surface, and glare from shiny surfaces is handled by changing the angle or using polarising filters.

Q: Which of the following refers to criminal intent ?

Criminal intent is mens rea.Mens rea, 'guilty mind', is the mental element of a crime: intention, knowledge, recklessness or negligence, as the offence requires. Together with actus reus, the guilty act, it forms the basic structure of criminal liability, expressed in the maxim actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea, the act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty.Compos mentis (printed 'Compos men tis') means of sound mind, which bears on capacity rather than intent. Neurosis is a mental disorder and empathy is understanding another's feelings.

Q: The polygraph measures all except :

The polygraph does not measure P-300.A polygraph records physiological responses controlled by the autonomic nervous system: cardiovascular activity (heart rate and relative blood pressure, through a cuff), electrodermal activity (skin conductance, through finger electrodes) and respiration (through pneumograph tubes around the chest and abdomen).The P300 is an event-related brain potential, a positive wave in the EEG about 300 milliseconds after a meaningful stimulus. It is measured in brain electrical oscillation signature (BEOS) or 'brain fingerprinting' tests with scalp electrodes, which is a different technique from the polygraph.

Q: BitPim is an open source software to manipulate and view data in which of the following cell phones ?

BitPim works with CDMA phones.BitPim is an open-source program for viewing and manipulating data, such as phonebook, calendar, wallpapers and ringtones, on mobile phones that use the Qualcomm CDMA chipset, connected through a USB cable. Investigators used it to examine and extract data from older CDMA handsets, which commercial tools did not always support.It was not designed for GSM handsets, and TDMA and FDMA are general channel-access methods rather than the phone families BitPim targeted.

Q: Which of the following is the smallest addressable unit on a file system ?

The smallest addressable unit on a file system is the cluster.A disk's hardware divides each track into sectors, traditionally 512 bytes (4,096 on newer drives), which is the smallest unit the drive itself reads or writes. A file system such as FAT or NTFS, however, allocates space in clusters (allocation units), groups of one or more contiguous sectors, and keeps track of files cluster by cluster. A file always occupies whole clusters, which creates slack space at the end of the last cluster, an important source of residual data in digital forensics.So the sector is the smallest unit of the disk, but the cluster is the smallest unit the file system addresses. Tracks (printed 'Tracu') and cylinders are larger geometric divisions of the disk.

Q: In which of the following F-number lens opening is the maximum :

The lens opening is largest at F-2.The f-number is the ratio of the focal length of the lens to the diameter of the aperture: N = f/D. A smaller f-number therefore means a larger aperture. f/2 lets in far more light than f/22; each full stop (2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22) halves the light, so f/2 admits about 128 times the light of f/22.In crime scene photography a small aperture such as f/16 or f/22 gives greater depth of field, useful for overall scene views, while a wide aperture such as f/2 is used in low light at the cost of a shallow zone of sharp focus.

Q: Unvoiced sound is produced by :

Unvoiced sounds are produced by turbulence at some constriction in the vocal tract.In voiced sounds, such as vowels and consonants like /b/, /d/ and /z/, the vocal folds vibrate periodically, producing a quasi-periodic source with a fundamental frequency. In unvoiced sounds, such as /s/, /f/ and /sh/, the vocal folds do not vibrate; air is forced through a narrow constriction in the mouth or at the teeth or lips, creating turbulent, noise-like airflow.Periodic or rhythmic vibration of the vocal folds describes voicing, the opposite case. This distinction is basic to speaker identification and spectrographic analysis in forensic phonetics.

Q: In phonetics, vowel quality is better known as :

In phonetics, vowel quality is better known as timbre.The quality of a vowel, what makes /i/ sound different from /a/ at the same pitch and loudness, is its timbre. It depends on the shape of the vocal tract, which resonates at particular frequencies called formants. The pattern of the first two or three formants (F1, F2, F3) is the acoustic correlate of vowel quality.So formants are the physical basis of vowel quality rather than its name, harmonics are the multiples of the fundamental frequency produced by the vocal folds, and a syllable is a unit of speech organisation, not a property of sound.

31.

While taking a close-up photograph of the subject at crime scene, flash attachment is covered with a tissue/handkerchief to prevent :

A.Washing-out effect
B.Shadow formation
C.Bouncing effect
D.Glaring effect

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: A

The tissue over the flash is meant to prevent the washing-out effect.

In close-up photography a flash at short distance gives far too much light, overexposing the subject so that fine detail, for example in a fingerprint, tool mark or small wound, is washed out to white. Covering the flash with a layer of tissue or a handkerchief diffuses and reduces the light, giving a softer, even exposure that keeps the detail.

Shadows are controlled mainly by the angle of the light (oblique lighting is used deliberately to create them for impressions), bouncing is a separate technique of reflecting flash off a surface, and glare from shiny surfaces is handled by changing the angle or using polarising filters.

Discuss in Forum

32.

Which of the following samples is collected to evaluate the effect of extraneous varible ?

A.Sample of unknown origin
B.Special sample
C.Control sample
D.Extraneous sample

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: C

The sample collected to evaluate the effect of extraneous variables is the control sample (printed 'varible').

A control sample is taken from an area near the evidence that is believed to be free of the substance of interest, for example unstained fabric next to a bloodstain, or unburnt carpet from a fire scene. Analysing it shows what the substrate itself contributes, so that a positive result on the questioned sample can be attributed to the evidence rather than to the background material.

A sample of unknown origin is the questioned sample, and 'special sample' and 'extraneous sample' are not standard categories. Forensic sampling distinguishes questioned (unknown), known (reference) and control (blank) samples.

Discuss in Forum

33.

Which of the following refers to criminal intent ?

A.Mens rea
B.Neurosis
C.Compos men tis
D.Empathy

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: A

Criminal intent is mens rea.

Mens rea, 'guilty mind', is the mental element of a crime: intention, knowledge, recklessness or negligence, as the offence requires. Together with actus reus, the guilty act, it forms the basic structure of criminal liability, expressed in the maxim actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea, the act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty.

Compos mentis (printed 'Compos men tis') means of sound mind, which bears on capacity rather than intent. Neurosis is a mental disorder and empathy is understanding another's feelings.

Discuss in Forum

34.

The polygraph measures all except :

A.Heart rate
B.Electro-dermal activity
C.Blood pressure
D.P-300

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: D

The polygraph does not measure P-300.

A polygraph records physiological responses controlled by the autonomic nervous system: cardiovascular activity (heart rate and relative blood pressure, through a cuff), electrodermal activity (skin conductance, through finger electrodes) and respiration (through pneumograph tubes around the chest and abdomen).

The P300 is an event-related brain potential, a positive wave in the EEG about 300 milliseconds after a meaningful stimulus. It is measured in brain electrical oscillation signature (BEOS) or 'brain fingerprinting' tests with scalp electrodes, which is a different technique from the polygraph.

Discuss in Forum

35.

The Asia Pacific Accreditation Cooperation (APAC) was established in :

A.2019
B.1997
C.1995
D.1992

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: A

The Asia Pacific Accreditation Cooperation was established in 2019.

APAC was formed on 1 January 2019 by the amalgamation of two older regional bodies: the Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (APLAC), established in 1992, and the Pacific Accreditation Cooperation (PAC), established in 1995. It coordinates mutual recognition of accreditation of laboratories, certification and inspection bodies in the region. India's NABL, which accredits forensic laboratories, is a member.

The years 1992 and 1995 are the founding dates of the two predecessor bodies, which is why they appear as distractors.

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36.

BitPim is an open source software to manipulate and view data in which of the following cell phones ?

A.GSM
B.TDMA
C.CDMA
D.FDMA

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: C

BitPim works with CDMA phones.

BitPim is an open-source program for viewing and manipulating data, such as phonebook, calendar, wallpapers and ringtones, on mobile phones that use the Qualcomm CDMA chipset, connected through a USB cable. Investigators used it to examine and extract data from older CDMA handsets, which commercial tools did not always support.

It was not designed for GSM handsets, and TDMA and FDMA are general channel-access methods rather than the phone families BitPim targeted.

Discuss in Forum

37.

Which of the following is the smallest addressable unit on a file system ?

A.Sector
B.Cluster
C.Tracu
D.Cylinder

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: B

The smallest addressable unit on a file system is the cluster.

A disk's hardware divides each track into sectors, traditionally 512 bytes (4,096 on newer drives), which is the smallest unit the drive itself reads or writes. A file system such as FAT or NTFS, however, allocates space in clusters (allocation units), groups of one or more contiguous sectors, and keeps track of files cluster by cluster. A file always occupies whole clusters, which creates slack space at the end of the last cluster, an important source of residual data in digital forensics.

So the sector is the smallest unit of the disk, but the cluster is the smallest unit the file system addresses. Tracks (printed 'Tracu') and cylinders are larger geometric divisions of the disk.

Discuss in Forum

38.

In which of the following F-number lens opening is the maximum :

A.F-2
B.F-6
C.F-8
D.F-22

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: A

The lens opening is largest at F-2.

The f-number is the ratio of the focal length of the lens to the diameter of the aperture: N = f/D. A smaller f-number therefore means a larger aperture. f/2 lets in far more light than f/22; each full stop (2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22) halves the light, so f/2 admits about 128 times the light of f/22.

In crime scene photography a small aperture such as f/16 or f/22 gives greater depth of field, useful for overall scene views, while a wide aperture such as f/2 is used in low light at the cost of a shallow zone of sharp focus.

Discuss in Forum

39.

Unvoiced sound is produced by :

A.Periodic vibration of vocal folds
B.Rhythmic vibration of vocal folds
C.Turbulence at some constriction in the vocal tract
D.Periodic vibration of vocal tract

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: C

Unvoiced sounds are produced by turbulence at some constriction in the vocal tract.

In voiced sounds, such as vowels and consonants like /b/, /d/ and /z/, the vocal folds vibrate periodically, producing a quasi-periodic source with a fundamental frequency. In unvoiced sounds, such as /s/, /f/ and /sh/, the vocal folds do not vibrate; air is forced through a narrow constriction in the mouth or at the teeth or lips, creating turbulent, noise-like airflow.

Periodic or rhythmic vibration of the vocal folds describes voicing, the opposite case. This distinction is basic to speaker identification and spectrographic analysis in forensic phonetics.

Discuss in Forum

40.

In phonetics, vowel quality is better known as :

A.Harmonics
B.Timbre
C.Formant
D.Syllable

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: B

In phonetics, vowel quality is better known as timbre.

The quality of a vowel, what makes /i/ sound different from /a/ at the same pitch and loudness, is its timbre. It depends on the shape of the vocal tract, which resonates at particular frequencies called formants. The pattern of the first two or three formants (F1, F2, F3) is the acoustic correlate of vowel quality.

So formants are the physical basis of vowel quality rather than its name, harmonics are the multiples of the fundamental frequency produced by the vocal folds, and a syllable is a unit of speech organisation, not a property of sound.

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