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Human Development and Interventions Questions and Answers

211.

The fifth ego crisis stage given by Erikson, identity versus role confusion, corresponds to which of the Freud's stages ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

Erikson's fifth stage, identity versus role confusion, occurs in adolescence and lines up with Freud's genital stage, which begins at puberty. In both theories this period is about sexual maturation and the formation of an adult sense of self. The latency stage (about 6 years to puberty) corresponds to Erikson's industry versus inferiority. The phallic stage (about 3 to 6 years) corresponds to initiative versus guilt, and the anal stage (about 1 to 3 years) to autonomy versus shame and doubt. So only the genital stage matches the fifth crisis.

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212.

Given below are two statements, Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Indicate your answer using the codes given below.

Assertion (A) : Recent research has shown positive effect of cognitive remediation training on the neuro-cognitive functions as well as the overall functioning of patients with schizophrenia.
Reason (R) : Pharmacotherapy alone does not help patients with schizophrenia to function at the highest possible level of their ability.
Codes :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

Both statements are true, but the reason does not explain the assertion. Cognitive remediation training has been shown to improve neurocognitive functioning and overall functioning in schizophrenia, and medication alone does not bring patients to the highest level of functioning. However, the second fact does not account for why remediation training works: the effect comes from the training exercises building attention, memory and executive skills, not from the limits of drugs. So the statements are independent facts, which is the pattern of option B. Option A overstates the link, while C and D deny the truth of one statement.

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213.

Experience of failure followed by ______ cognitions lead to depression. Choose appropriate code.

1. Internal attributions
2. Feeling of controllability
3. Hopelessness
4. Stable attributions
5. Specific attributions
Codes :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

In the reformulated learned helplessness theory, failure leads to depression when it is followed by internal, stable and global attributions together with hopelessness. Among the listed items, 1 (internal attributions), 3 (hopelessness) and 4 (stable attributions) fit, so the answer is 1, 3, 4. A feeling of controllability (2) is the opposite of helplessness, because depression follows the belief that outcomes are uncontrollable. Specific attributions (5) limit the damage of a failure to one situation, so they protect against depression. Any option including 2 or 5 is therefore wrong.

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214.

After identifying the problem of a student, the correct sequence adopted by a counsellor to solve that problem is

1. Generate possible solutions
2. Choose the best solution
3. Evaluate each solution
4. Assess the success/failure of solution
5. Implement the solution
Codes :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

After the problem has been identified, the logical order is: generate possible solutions (1), evaluate each solution (3), choose the best solution (2), implement the solution (5) and finally assess its success or failure (4). That is the order 1, 3, 2, 5, 4. Option A puts assessment before implementation, which is impossible since a solution cannot be judged before it is tried. Option C starts with evaluation before any solutions exist, and option D does the same, then assesses before choosing and implementing.

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215.

Give the correct sequence for stages of language development to attain different features, given below :

1. Phonology 2. Semantics
3. Syntax 4. Pragmatics
Codes :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The sequence 1, 2, 3, 4 is phonology, semantics, syntax, pragmatics. This is the order in which these features of language are generally taken to develop: children first master sounds, then word meanings, then the grammatical rules for combining words, and finally the social rules of using language in context. The other options start with semantics, syntax or pragmatics ahead of phonology, which is not how development proceeds, as sounds are produced before meaningful words and sentences.

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216.

Which of the following is not a special facility provided in school for children with special needs ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

Expository teaching is not a special facility for children with special needs; it is a method of teaching in which the teacher presents the content directly. A resource room is a separate place where a child with special needs gets extra help for part of the day. Cooperative teaching (co-teaching) places a regular and a special educator together in one class. Collaborative consultation is a service in which a specialist advises the regular teacher. So the first, second and fourth options are genuine support arrangements, and expository teaching is the odd one out.

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217.

Important indicators of learning disabilities among students are

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

Learning disabilities show up as poor reading habits, word recognition errors and comprehension errors. These are specific academic difficulties in a child of otherwise typical ability. Options B, C and D each include low mental ability or impaired vision, and both are excluded by the definition: a learning disability is diagnosed when the difficulty is not due to intellectual disability or sensory impairment. Articulation errors belong to speech disorders rather than to learning disability. So option A is the only list made entirely of true indicators.

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218.

The Psychotherapist recommended the procedure of systematic desensitization to Shradda for overcoming her fear of cats. The Psychotherapist recommended

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

Systematic desensitisation, devised by Wolpe, is a classical conditioning procedure. The client learns deep relaxation and is then exposed in imagination to a graded hierarchy of feared stimuli, so that relaxation replaces fear as the response to the cat. This counterconditioning rests on pairing the feared stimulus with an incompatible response. It is not an operant procedure, because the consequences of the client's behaviour are not being managed. Delayed and backward conditioning are timing arrangements of the stimuli in classical conditioning experiments and are not what the therapist recommended.

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219.

Which of the following characteristics best describes Borderline Personality Disorder ?

1. Impulsivity and affective instability.
2. Unusual perceptual experiences.
3. Unstable and intense interpersonal relationship.
4. Recurrent suicidal behaviour or gesture.
5. Preoccupation with details and rules.
Codes :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

Borderline personality disorder is marked by impulsivity and affective instability (1), unstable and intense interpersonal relationships (3), and recurrent suicidal behaviour or gestures (4). Unusual perceptual experiences (2) belong to schizotypal personality, and preoccupation with details and rules (5) belongs to obsessive-compulsive personality. So the answer is 1, 3 and 4. Each of the other options includes item 2 or item 5, which describes a different disorder.

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220.

Mental Retardation is associated with

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

Mental retardation, now called intellectual disability, is associated with trisomy 21, the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21 that causes Down syndrome. Trisomy 14 and trisomy 12 are not common viable conditions associated with this syndrome, and a trisomy of 'chromosome 23' cannot occur because humans have 23 pairs, with the 23rd being the sex chromosomes. So trisomy 21 is the answer.

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