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Quantitative Genetics Questions and Answers

1.

Below are the numbers of individuals of migratory green warblers and the frequencies of three genotypes at a single locus for this species. F refers to the allele for faster migration and S to the allele for slower migration.

FFFSSSTotal
Number of individuals35201065
Genotype frequencies0.540.300.161

What are the allele frequencies of F and S? (round off to 2 decimal places)

Exam Year(s)

GATE Life Sciences - 2026,

Answer: A

The allele frequencies are F = 0.69 and S = 0.31.

Count alleles: each of the 65 birds carries two, 130 in all. FF birds carry two F alleles each and FS birds one.

\[ \begin{aligned} p(F) &= \frac{2(35) + 20}{130} = \frac{90}{130} \approx 0.69 \\ q(S) &= \frac{2(10) + 20}{130} = \frac{40}{130} \approx 0.31 \end{aligned} \]

The same result follows from the genotype frequencies: \(p = 0.54 + \frac{0.30}{2} = 0.69\), and \(p + q = 1\) gives \(q = 0.31\).

The option with F = 0.31 and S = 0.69 swaps the two alleles. The 0.59 and 0.50 options do not come from any correct count; 0.50 would require equal numbers of FF and SS birds.

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2.

If red and white seed colour shows a ratio of 1 : 4 : 6 : 4 : 1 in F2 generation, it is due to :

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: D

The ratio shows a polygenic trait controlled by two genes.

The ratio sums to 16, the number of F2 combinations from two gene pairs (4 × 4). The five classes, 1 : 4 : 6 : 4 : 1, correspond to plants carrying 4, 3, 2, 1 and 0 'red' alleles, each allele adding equally to colour intensity. This is Nilsson-Ehle's classic result for kernel colour in wheat.

Three genes would give 64 combinations and seven classes (1 : 6 : 15 : 20 : 15 : 6 : 1). Duplicate genes give 15 : 1 and epistatic genes give ratios such as 9 : 3 : 4 or 12 : 3 : 1, not five graded classes.

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Answer: A

Sampling occurs because not all gametes form zygotes.

Each parent produces a huge number of gametes, but only a few of them meet and form the next generation. The alleles carried by those few are a sample of the parents' gene pool, and by chance their frequencies can differ from the parental frequencies; this sampling error is the basis of genetic drift.

Every allele a parent carries does reach some of its gametes, through Mendelian segregation. Imperfect copying in meiosis and recombination shuffle alleles into new combinations, but they do not by themselves change the allele frequencies of the pool.

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4.

Which of the following genotypes are most suitable as parents for hybrid variety development ?

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: D

The best parents for hybrid varieties are Inbred lines.

Hybrid varieties, as in maize, are the F1 of a cross between two inbred lines. Repeated selfing makes each line homozygous and uniform, so their F1 is uniform too, and lines with good combining ability are chosen to give the greatest heterosis. The same cross can be repeated each season to produce seed.

Isogenic and near-isogenic lines differ from each other at only one or a few genes, so crossing them gives almost no heterosis. Pure lines of self-pollinated crops are generally released as varieties in their own right rather than used as hybrid parents.

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Answer: C

Heritability estimates the proportion of phenotypic variation in a group that can be attributed to genes.

Broad-sense heritability is the ratio of genetic variance to total phenotypic variance in a population, \(H^{2} = V_{G}/V_{P}\); narrow-sense heritability uses only the additive genetic variance. Both are properties of a population in a particular environment.

That rules out the other options. Heritability says nothing about an individual: a heritability of 0.6 does not mean 60 percent of one person's height comes from genes. The direction 'genetic variation attributed to phenotype' is reversed, and environmental variation is the part heritability leaves out, not what it measures.

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6.

A chromosomal site at which a group of genes affecting quantitative traits are located is called as :

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: B

Such a site is a quantitative trait locus (QTL).

Quantitative traits such as height, yield or weight vary continuously because they are controlled by many genes, each with a small effect, plus the environment. A region of a chromosome associated with variation in such a trait is called a QTL, and QTL mapping links these regions to molecular markers.

A 'qualitative trait locus' is not a standard term, since qualitative traits fall into discrete classes controlled by single genes. A multiple allele locus is one gene with more than two alleles, such as the ABO locus, and a dominant locus describes an allele's behaviour, not a site for quantitative traits.

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7.

For a trait in a population, higher heritability is possible when :

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: B

Higher heritability is possible when the environment is uniform.

Broad-sense heritability is the fraction of phenotypic variance due to genetic variance:

\[ H^{2} = \frac{V_{G}}{V_{G} + V_{E}} \]

If the environment is uniform, environmental variance \(V_{E}\) is small, so a larger share of the variation is genetic and heritability rises. A heterogeneous environment increases \(V_{E}\) and lowers it. Making the genes affecting a trait homozygous reduces genetic variance, which lowers heritability, and heterozygosity alone does not decide it.

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