State, Politics and Development Questions and Answers

Q: The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act in India was passed in which year ?

The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act was passed in 2016.The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, replaced the Persons with Disabilities Act of 1995 and gave effect to the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which India ratified in 2007. It raised the number of recognised disabilities from 7 to 21 and raised reservation in government jobs from 3 to 4 per cent.2007 is the year of India's ratification of the convention, not of the Act, and 2011 and 2013 fall during the drafting of the bill.

Q: Which one of the following social groups is not experiencing the state of social exclusion ?

Gated communities are not experiencing social exclusion in the usual sense.Social exclusion refers to people being shut out from full participation in society, from jobs, housing, services and political voice. Indigenous people, the poor and the homeless are standard examples of groups excluded in this way.Residents of gated communities are usually affluent people who choose to separate themselves from the rest of society behind walls and private security. Giddens calls this voluntary 'exclusion at the top': it is a form of self-segregation by the privileged, not deprivation.

Q: Which of the following is the least developed welfare state ?

The least developed welfare state among these is the USA.Gosta Esping-Andersen, in The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, classed the United States as a liberal welfare regime with modest, means-tested benefits and reliance on the market, for example in health insurance. Sweden and Finland are social-democratic regimes with universal, generous benefits, and France is a conservative-corporatist regime with extensive social insurance.So Sweden, Finland and France all have more developed welfare states than the USA.

Q: The Supreme Court of India invalidated a part of Section 377 of the IPC decriminalizing ?

The Supreme Court decriminalised homosexuality.In Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018) a five-judge bench read down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, holding that criminalising consensual sexual acts between adults, including same-sex acts, violated the rights to equality, dignity, privacy and expression. Section 377 still applied to non-consensual acts and bestiality.Attempt to suicide falls under Section 309, and prostitution and human trafficking are dealt with by other laws, so none of them was decriminalised by the Section 377 judgement.

Q: National policy on older persons was announced in India in which year ?

The National Policy on Older Persons was announced in 1999.The Government of India announced the policy in January 1999, the International Year of Older Persons. It committed the state to support the financial and food security, health care, shelter and protection of people aged 60 and above, and encouraged families to care for their elders. It was followed by the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007.1996 and 1997 come before the policy, and 2001 is after it; a revised National Policy on Senior Citizens was drafted only in 2011.

Q: Gandhi’s notion of Antyodaya refers to :

Antyodaya refers to the rights of the bottommost section of society.Gandhi took the idea from John Ruskin's Unto This Last, which he translated as Sarvodaya. Antyodaya means 'the rise of the last person': development and policy should be judged by whether they reach and uplift the poorest and weakest first. Gandhi's 'talisman' asked people to recall the face of the poorest person they had seen and ask whether their step would help him.Welfarism is a general policy approach, and the inclusion or assimilation of Harijans concerns one group only, while Antyodaya speaks of the last person in society as a whole.

Q: The Mahalanobis model was influenced by which of the following ?

The Mahalanobis model was influenced by the Soviet model.P.C. Mahalanobis designed the strategy behind India's Second Five Year Plan (1956-61). It gave priority to heavy industry and capital goods under state direction, on the reasoning that investment in the machine-building sector would raise the long-run rate of growth. This closely followed the Feldman model used in Soviet planning in the 1920s, and Mahalanobis was in touch with Soviet planners.The Gandhian model stressed village self-sufficiency and cottage industry, almost the opposite emphasis. Latin American import-substitution ideas and a generic 'democratic model' were not the sources of the heavy-industry strategy.

Q: Which one of the following does not denote modernisation ?

The item that does not denote modernisation is maintaining traditions.Modernisation refers to the change from traditional to modern forms of social life: new technology and infrastructure, rationality and science, urbanisation, mass education, new occupations and new styles of living. Changing dress styles, changing ways of life and developing infrastructure all describe such change.Maintaining traditions is continuity rather than change. Indian sociologists such as Yogendra Singh and M.N. Srinivas showed that traditions often adapt and survive alongside modernisation, but the preservation of tradition is not what the term denotes.

Q: The tribal movements in north-eastern parts of India were launched mainly for seeking :

The tribal movements of north-east India were mainly for political autonomy.Movements among the Nagas, Mizos, Bodos and others sought self-government: separate statehood, autonomous councils, or in some cases secession. The Naga movement from the 1940s, the Mizo National Front's struggle leading to statehood in 1987, and the Bodoland movement leading to the Bodoland Territorial Council are typical.Movements for forest rights and against economic exploitation were more typical of central India (for example in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh), and socio-cultural reform movements of tribes seeking higher status were another distinct category.

31.

The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act in India was passed in which year ?

A.2007
B.2011
C.2013
D.2016

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: D

The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act was passed in 2016.

The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, replaced the Persons with Disabilities Act of 1995 and gave effect to the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which India ratified in 2007. It raised the number of recognised disabilities from 7 to 21 and raised reservation in government jobs from 3 to 4 per cent.

2007 is the year of India's ratification of the convention, not of the Act, and 2011 and 2013 fall during the drafting of the bill.

Discuss in Forum

32.

Which one of the following social groups is not experiencing the state of social exclusion ?

A.Indigenous people
B.The poor
C.Gated communities
D.The homeless

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: C

Gated communities are not experiencing social exclusion in the usual sense.

Social exclusion refers to people being shut out from full participation in society, from jobs, housing, services and political voice. Indigenous people, the poor and the homeless are standard examples of groups excluded in this way.

Residents of gated communities are usually affluent people who choose to separate themselves from the rest of society behind walls and private security. Giddens calls this voluntary 'exclusion at the top': it is a form of self-segregation by the privileged, not deprivation.

Discuss in Forum

33.

Which of the following is the least developed welfare state ?

A.Sweden
B.USA
C.Finland
D.France

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: B

The least developed welfare state among these is the USA.

Gosta Esping-Andersen, in The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, classed the United States as a liberal welfare regime with modest, means-tested benefits and reliance on the market, for example in health insurance. Sweden and Finland are social-democratic regimes with universal, generous benefits, and France is a conservative-corporatist regime with extensive social insurance.

So Sweden, Finland and France all have more developed welfare states than the USA.

Discuss in Forum

34.

The Supreme Court of India invalidated a part of Section 377 of the IPC decriminalizing ?

A.Attempt to suicide
B.Prostitution
C.Homosexuality
D.Human trafficking

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: C

The Supreme Court decriminalised homosexuality.

In Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018) a five-judge bench read down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, holding that criminalising consensual sexual acts between adults, including same-sex acts, violated the rights to equality, dignity, privacy and expression. Section 377 still applied to non-consensual acts and bestiality.

Attempt to suicide falls under Section 309, and prostitution and human trafficking are dealt with by other laws, so none of them was decriminalised by the Section 377 judgement.

Discuss in Forum

35.

Two statements are given, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and other as Reason (R) :

Assertion (A) : Reservations in jobs help the SC, ST to improve their situation.
Reason (R) : In a democracy equity is a must to ensure equality.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below :

A.Both (A) and (R) are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
B.Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
C.(A) is true, but (R) is false
D.A is false but (R) is true

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: A

Both (A) and (R) are correct, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Reservation in jobs has helped Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes gain secure employment, income and representation in public institutions, improving their position. The reason given is the principle behind it: formal equality alone cannot make groups that have suffered centuries of disadvantage equal, so a democracy must treat them equitably, with special measures, to achieve real equality.

Because reservation is the application of that principle of equity, the reason explains why reservation improves their situation, which rules out the options denying either statement or the link between them.

Discuss in Forum

36.

National policy on older persons was announced in India in which year ?

A.1996
B.1997
C.1999
D.2001

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: C

The National Policy on Older Persons was announced in 1999.

The Government of India announced the policy in January 1999, the International Year of Older Persons. It committed the state to support the financial and food security, health care, shelter and protection of people aged 60 and above, and encouraged families to care for their elders. It was followed by the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007.

1996 and 1997 come before the policy, and 2001 is after it; a revised National Policy on Senior Citizens was drafted only in 2011.

Discuss in Forum

37.

Gandhi’s notion of Antyodaya refers to :

A.Welfarism
B.Assimilation of Harijan
C.Inclusion of Harijan
D.Rights to the bottommost section

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: D

Antyodaya refers to the rights of the bottommost section of society.

Gandhi took the idea from John Ruskin's Unto This Last, which he translated as Sarvodaya. Antyodaya means 'the rise of the last person': development and policy should be judged by whether they reach and uplift the poorest and weakest first. Gandhi's 'talisman' asked people to recall the face of the poorest person they had seen and ask whether their step would help him.

Welfarism is a general policy approach, and the inclusion or assimilation of Harijans concerns one group only, while Antyodaya speaks of the last person in society as a whole.

Discuss in Forum

38.

The Mahalanobis model was influenced by which of the following ?

A.Gandhian model
B.Soviet model
C.Latin American model
D.Democratic model

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: B

The Mahalanobis model was influenced by the Soviet model.

P.C. Mahalanobis designed the strategy behind India's Second Five Year Plan (1956-61). It gave priority to heavy industry and capital goods under state direction, on the reasoning that investment in the machine-building sector would raise the long-run rate of growth. This closely followed the Feldman model used in Soviet planning in the 1920s, and Mahalanobis was in touch with Soviet planners.

The Gandhian model stressed village self-sufficiency and cottage industry, almost the opposite emphasis. Latin American import-substitution ideas and a generic 'democratic model' were not the sources of the heavy-industry strategy.

Discuss in Forum

39.

Which one of the following does not denote modernisation ?

A.Changing dress style
B.Changing ways of life
C.Developing infrastructure
D.Maintaining traditions

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: D

The item that does not denote modernisation is maintaining traditions.

Modernisation refers to the change from traditional to modern forms of social life: new technology and infrastructure, rationality and science, urbanisation, mass education, new occupations and new styles of living. Changing dress styles, changing ways of life and developing infrastructure all describe such change.

Maintaining traditions is continuity rather than change. Indian sociologists such as Yogendra Singh and M.N. Srinivas showed that traditions often adapt and survive alongside modernisation, but the preservation of tradition is not what the term denotes.

Discuss in Forum

40.

The tribal movements in north-eastern parts of India were launched mainly for seeking :

A.Socio-cultural status
B.Forest based rights
C.Political autonomy
D.Movement against economic exploitation

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: C

The tribal movements of north-east India were mainly for political autonomy.

Movements among the Nagas, Mizos, Bodos and others sought self-government: separate statehood, autonomous councils, or in some cases secession. The Naga movement from the 1940s, the Mizo National Front's struggle leading to statehood in 1987, and the Bodoland movement leading to the Bodoland Territorial Council are typical.

Movements for forest rights and against economic exploitation were more typical of central India (for example in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh), and socio-cultural reform movements of tribes seeking higher status were another distinct category.

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