Attention, Perception, Learning and Memory Questions and Answers

Q: Bottom-up processing is to ............. stimuli as top-down processing is to .................. stimuli.

The pairing is unfamiliar; familiar.Bottom-up processing builds a percept from the sensory features upward. It dominates when a stimulus is unfamiliar, because there is no stored knowledge to guide interpretation. Top-down processing uses expectations, context and prior knowledge, and dominates with familiar stimuli, such as reading well-known words.Reversing the pair gets the relationship backwards. Both kinds of processing work in every sense, so visual versus auditory is wrong, and perceptual versus subliminal does not describe the distinction at all.

Q: The theory of response inhibition is related with the :

Response inhibition is related to extinction.Inhibition theories of extinction, from Pavlov's internal inhibition to Hull's reactive inhibition, explain extinction as the build-up of an inhibitory tendency that suppresses the response when it is no longer reinforced. The original learning is not erased but held back.Spontaneous recovery is evidence for this account, the response returning as inhibition dissipates, but it is a consequence, not the process the theory explains. Learned helplessness is Seligman's account of passivity after uncontrollable events, and latent learning is Tolman's learning without reinforcement.

Q: The "cocktail party phenomenon" inspired research on :

The cocktail party phenomenon inspired research on attention.Colin Cherry (1953) described how at a noisy party we can follow one conversation while ignoring others, yet notice our own name spoken elsewhere. His dichotic listening and shadowing experiments launched the study of selective attention, including Broadbent's filter theory and Treisman's attenuation theory.The name refers to the party setting, not to alcohol, hypnosis or biological rhythms.

Q: Which of the following sequence is correct, with respect to early selection theory ?

The correct sequence is Registration by senses → Filtering → Unattended information static → Designated information processed.In Broadbent's early selection (filter) theory, all incoming information is first registered briefly in a sensory store. A selective filter then passes one channel on the basis of physical features such as location or pitch; the unattended information is held but goes no further and soon decays, while the selected information is processed for meaning.Filtering cannot come before the senses have registered the input, and the filter must operate before the unattended information is left unprocessed, which rules out the other orders.

Q: The fact that the inner corner of a room looks farther away than the outer corner of a building provides one explanation of the :

This explains the Müller-Lyer illusion.Richard Gregory's misapplied size-constancy explanation notes that the arrow-fins of the Muller-Lyer figure resemble corners: outward fins look like the inside corner of a room (which looks farther away), and inward fins like the outside corner of a building (which looks nearer). The brain enlarges the line that seems farther, so the line with outward fins looks longer.The Ponzo illusion uses converging lines like railway tracks, the Ames room uses a distorted room seen from one viewpoint, and the Poggendorff illusion involves a diagonal line interrupted by a rectangle; none rests on the corner explanation.

Q: Your ability to focus on a TV show while ignoring the noise of your partner nagging about supper illustrates :

This illustrates selective attention.Selective attention is focusing on one source of information while ignoring others that are also present, like following a TV programme while tuning out a partner's complaints.Synesthesia is a blending of senses, such as seeing colours when hearing sounds. Sensory adaptation is the decline in sensitivity to a constant, unchanging stimulus, such as no longer noticing a ticking clock; nagging is neither constant nor ignored because of adaptation. 'Sensory attention' is not a standard term.

Q: What kind of processing involves high levels of cognition controlling and regulating events affecting lower levels of cognition ?

This is top-down processing.In top-down (conceptually driven) processing, higher-level cognition, such as knowledge, expectations and goals, guides and regulates the processing of lower-level sensory information. Reading a messy handwritten word correctly because the context suggests it is an example.Bottom-up processing runs the other way, building perception from sensory data upward. Proprioception is the sense of body position, and transduction is the conversion of physical energy into neural signals by receptors.

Q: Length and itensity of Light wave play an important role in :

Wavelength and intensity determine the perception of colour and brightness.The wavelength of light is perceived mainly as hue (colour): short wavelengths look violet or blue and long wavelengths red. The intensity (amplitude) of light is perceived mainly as brightness. (The paper prints 'itensity'.)Illumination is the light falling on a scene, not a perceptual quality produced by wavelength, and constancy is the stability of perception despite changes in the light, not a direct product of wavelength or intensity.

Q: Signal detection theory identifies two distinct processes in sensory detection :(a) sensory process(b) decision process(c) motivational process(d) response biasCodes :

The two processes are (a) and (b): the sensory process and the decision process.Signal detection theory separates detection into a sensory process, the person's sensitivity to the signal (measured by d'), and a separate decision process, the criterion the person adopts in deciding whether to say a signal was present (measured by beta or c).Response bias is the outcome of the decision process rather than a second, separate process, and motivation affects the decision criterion but is not one of the two processes the theory names. So the options with (c) or (d) are wrong.

131.

Bottom-up processing is to ............. stimuli as top-down processing is to .................. stimuli.

A.Unfamiliar; familiar
B.Visual; auditory
C.Familiar; unfamiliar
D.Perceptual; subliminal

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: A

The pairing is unfamiliar; familiar.

Bottom-up processing builds a percept from the sensory features upward. It dominates when a stimulus is unfamiliar, because there is no stored knowledge to guide interpretation. Top-down processing uses expectations, context and prior knowledge, and dominates with familiar stimuli, such as reading well-known words.

Reversing the pair gets the relationship backwards. Both kinds of processing work in every sense, so visual versus auditory is wrong, and perceptual versus subliminal does not describe the distinction at all.

Discuss in Forum

132.

The theory of response inhibition is related with the :

A.Extinction
B.Learned helplessness
C.Latent Learning
D.Spontaneous recovery

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: A

Response inhibition is related to extinction.

Inhibition theories of extinction, from Pavlov's internal inhibition to Hull's reactive inhibition, explain extinction as the build-up of an inhibitory tendency that suppresses the response when it is no longer reinforced. The original learning is not erased but held back.

Spontaneous recovery is evidence for this account, the response returning as inhibition dissipates, but it is a consequence, not the process the theory explains. Learned helplessness is Seligman's account of passivity after uncontrollable events, and latent learning is Tolman's learning without reinforcement.

Discuss in Forum

133.

Read each of the following statements-Assertion (A) and Reason (R); and indicate your answer using codes given below :

Assertion (A) : Perception remains constant although the proximal sensation changes.
Reason (R) : Our perceptual system has mechanisms that adjust our perception of the proximal stimulus.

Codes :

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
B.Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
C.(A) is true, but (R) is false
D.(A) is false, but (R) is true

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: A

Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(A) describes perceptual constancy: an object's perceived size, shape, brightness and colour stay stable even though its image on the retina (the proximal stimulus) changes with distance, angle and lighting. A door seen opening still looks rectangular, though its retinal image becomes a trapezoid.

(R) gives the reason: the perceptual system uses cues such as distance and surrounding context to adjust its interpretation of the proximal stimulus. Those mechanisms are what produce constancy, so (R) explains (A).

Discuss in Forum

134.

The "cocktail party phenomenon" inspired research on :

A.attention
B.stage hypnosis
C.alcohol effects
D.biological rhythms

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: A

The cocktail party phenomenon inspired research on attention.

Colin Cherry (1953) described how at a noisy party we can follow one conversation while ignoring others, yet notice our own name spoken elsewhere. His dichotic listening and shadowing experiments launched the study of selective attention, including Broadbent's filter theory and Treisman's attenuation theory.

The name refers to the party setting, not to alcohol, hypnosis or biological rhythms.

Discuss in Forum

135.

Which of the following sequence is correct, with respect to early selection theory ?

A.Registration by senses → Filtering → Unattended information static → Designated information processed
B.Filtering → Registration by senses → Unattended information static → Designated information processed
C.Unattended information static → Filtering → Registration by senses → Designated information processed
D.Registration by senses → Unattended information static → Filtering → Designated information processed

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: A

The correct sequence is Registration by senses → Filtering → Unattended information static → Designated information processed.

In Broadbent's early selection (filter) theory, all incoming information is first registered briefly in a sensory store. A selective filter then passes one channel on the basis of physical features such as location or pitch; the unattended information is held but goes no further and soon decays, while the selected information is processed for meaning.

Filtering cannot come before the senses have registered the input, and the filter must operate before the unattended information is left unprocessed, which rules out the other orders.

Discuss in Forum

136.

The fact that the inner corner of a room looks farther away than the outer corner of a building provides one explanation of the :

A.Ponzo illusion
B.Ames room illusion
C.Poggendorf illusion
D.Müller-Lyer illusion

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: D

This explains the Müller-Lyer illusion.

Richard Gregory's misapplied size-constancy explanation notes that the arrow-fins of the Muller-Lyer figure resemble corners: outward fins look like the inside corner of a room (which looks farther away), and inward fins like the outside corner of a building (which looks nearer). The brain enlarges the line that seems farther, so the line with outward fins looks longer.

The Ponzo illusion uses converging lines like railway tracks, the Ames room uses a distorted room seen from one viewpoint, and the Poggendorff illusion involves a diagonal line interrupted by a rectangle; none rests on the corner explanation.

Discuss in Forum

137.

Your ability to focus on a TV show while ignoring the noise of your partner nagging about supper illustrates :

A.synesthesia
B.selective attention
C.sensory attention
D.sensory adaptation

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: B

This illustrates selective attention.

Selective attention is focusing on one source of information while ignoring others that are also present, like following a TV programme while tuning out a partner's complaints.

Synesthesia is a blending of senses, such as seeing colours when hearing sounds. Sensory adaptation is the decline in sensitivity to a constant, unchanging stimulus, such as no longer noticing a ticking clock; nagging is neither constant nor ignored because of adaptation. 'Sensory attention' is not a standard term.

Discuss in Forum

138.

What kind of processing involves high levels of cognition controlling and regulating events affecting lower levels of cognition ?

A.top-down processing
B.bottom-up processing
C.proprioception
D.transduction

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: A

This is top-down processing.

In top-down (conceptually driven) processing, higher-level cognition, such as knowledge, expectations and goals, guides and regulates the processing of lower-level sensory information. Reading a messy handwritten word correctly because the context suggests it is an example.

Bottom-up processing runs the other way, building perception from sensory data upward. Proprioception is the sense of body position, and transduction is the conversion of physical energy into neural signals by receptors.

Discuss in Forum

139.

Length and itensity of Light wave play an important role in :

A.Perception of colour and brightness
B.Perception of colour and illumination
C.Perception of constancy and brightness
D.Perception of brightness and illumination

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: A

Wavelength and intensity determine the perception of colour and brightness.

The wavelength of light is perceived mainly as hue (colour): short wavelengths look violet or blue and long wavelengths red. The intensity (amplitude) of light is perceived mainly as brightness. (The paper prints 'itensity'.)

Illumination is the light falling on a scene, not a perceptual quality produced by wavelength, and constancy is the stability of perception despite changes in the light, not a direct product of wavelength or intensity.

Discuss in Forum

140.

Signal detection theory identifies two distinct processes in sensory detection :

(a) sensory process
(b) decision process
(c) motivational process
(d) response bias

Codes :

A.(a) and (b) only
B.(c) and (d) only
C.(a) and (c) only
D.(a) and (d) only

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: A

The two processes are (a) and (b): the sensory process and the decision process.

Signal detection theory separates detection into a sensory process, the person's sensitivity to the signal (measured by d'), and a separate decision process, the criterion the person adopts in deciding whether to say a signal was present (measured by beta or c).

Response bias is the outcome of the decision process rather than a second, separate process, and motivation affects the decision criterion but is not one of the two processes the theory names. So the options with (c) or (d) are wrong.

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