Match the appropriate monocular depth cue with each example :ExampleCues(i) One building partly blocking another(a) Motion parallax(ii) Railroad tracks converging in the distance(b) Linear perspective(iii) Closure objects appearing to more faster than objects farther away(c) Interposition(iv) Objects further away looking smaller than near objects(d) Relative size

The correct matching is (a)-(iii), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iv).(a) Motion parallax: closer objects appear to move faster than objects farther away (iii).(b) Linear perspective: railway tracks converge in the distance (ii).(c) Interposition: one building partly blocks another, so it is seen as nearer (i).(d) Relative size: distant objects look smaller than near ones (iv).The other options misplace at least two cues; the last, for instance, pairs interposition with converging tracks.

Attention, Perception, Learning and Memory Questions and Answers

Q: When reinforcement occurs after completion of a variable number of responses, it is called .............

This is a Variable-ratio schedule.In a ratio schedule reinforcement depends on the number of responses; in an interval schedule it depends on time. When the number of responses required varies unpredictably around an average, the schedule is variable-ratio. Slot machines work this way, and the schedule produces high, steady response rates and strong resistance to extinction.A fixed-ratio schedule reinforces after a set number of responses, as in piecework. Fixed-interval and variable-interval schedules reinforce the first response after a fixed or varying amount of time, not after a number of responses.

Q: False perception without any external stimulus is ......................

The answer is hallucination.A hallucination is a perception, such as hearing voices or seeing figures, that occurs with no external stimulus at all.An illusion is a misinterpretation of a real stimulus, such as taking a rope for a snake. A delusion is a fixed false belief, not a perception. Delirium is an acute state of confusion that may include hallucinations, but it is a syndrome rather than the false perception itself.

Q: Trace conditioning refers to the following :

In trace conditioning the conditioned stimulus (CS) precedes the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).The defining feature is that the CS begins and ends before the UCS arrives, leaving a gap. The animal must hold a memory trace of the CS across the interval, which is where the name comes from. Delay conditioning, where the CS stays on until the UCS starts, is the other forward arrangement.The UCS coming first is backward conditioning, which usually produces little learning. CS and UCS beginning together is simultaneous conditioning. Ending at the same time is not a named procedure; it describes the end of a delay trial.

Q: You are at a party and meet someone you are really interested in. You get that person's phone number but have no way to write it down, so you use the process of ................ to get into memory.

The process of getting the number into memory is encoding.Memory is usually described in three stages: encoding puts information into the memory system in a usable form, storage keeps it over time, and retrieval brings it back out. Since the stem asks how the number gets into memory, it describes the first stage.Retrieval and storage are later stages. Rehearsal is tempting, because repeating the number is how many people would hold it, but rehearsal is a strategy that keeps information active and helps it to be encoded; the stage the question names is encoding itself.

Q: The time it takes the intentional system to become prepared for something fresh is known as a :

This is the refractory period.The stem's 'intentional system' stands for the attentional system. After attention has been committed to one stimulus, there is a short interval before it can deal with a new one. A second stimulus arriving within that interval is responded to more slowly, the psychological refractory period, and a related limit appears in the attentional blink.'Refectory' is a dining hall, a distractor built on the similar spelling. Attenuation belongs to Treisman's filter theory, where unattended messages are weakened, not delayed. Feature integration is Treisman's account of binding features into objects, not a recovery interval.

Q: Which of the following model assumes that velocity, form and orientation of a stimuli are registered early and automatically while objects are identified separately only at a later stage ?

This is the Feature Integration Model.Treisman's feature integration theory proposes two stages. In the preattentive stage, basic features such as colour, orientation, form and motion are registered early, automatically and in parallel. In the focused attention stage, attention binds those features into a perceived object, so objects are identified only later.Gibson's direct perception denies such staged processing. Biederman's recognition-by-components builds objects from geons rather than separate features. Selfridge's Pandemonium model uses layers of feature 'demons' but does not describe automatic registration followed by attention-based binding.

Q: Which theory suggests that colour vision can be explained by the existence of three types of cones, which are maximally sensitive to blue, green or red ?

This is the trichromatic theory.The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory explains colour vision by three types of cone, most sensitive to short (blue), medium (green) and long (red) wavelengths. Every colour is coded by the ratio of their activity.Hering's opponent-process theory explains colour by paired opposites (red-green, blue-yellow, black-white) and accounts for afterimages; it works at a later stage than the cones. Signal detection theory concerns detecting faint stimuli under uncertainty, and gate control theory is about pain.

Q: Who used levels of processing procedure to investigate the effects of intentionality and awareness on retrieval ?

The answer is Richardson-Klavehn and Gardiner.Richardson-Klavehn and Gardiner are the memory researchers who built their studies of stem completion on the retrieval intentionality criterion, comparing incidental and intentional tests and measuring whether people were aware of remembering. They varied the level of processing at study (for example semantic against non-semantic encoding) and examined its effect on priming and on awareness. Their 1998 paper is titled 'Depth-of-processing effects on priming in stem completion'.Schott et al. (2005) used fMRI to separate implicit and explicit retrieval, but their study task was a single one, counting the syllables of each word, with no deep against shallow comparison, so it was not a levels-of-processing procedure. Jacoby and Dallas are known for relating recognition to perceptual identification, and Gardiner and Java for the remember/know procedure; neither pair is the one the stem names.

Q: Which of the following theories is not considered as a part of stimulus-response theory of learning ?

Tolman's theory is not a stimulus-response theory.Tolman's purposive behaviourism is a cognitive theory of learning. His rats learned cognitive maps of a maze and showed latent learning without reinforcement, which suggested that learning is the acquisition of expectations about the environment, not of S-R connections.Thorndike's connectionism and law of effect, Pavlov's classical conditioning and Skinner's operant conditioning all describe learning as the strengthening of associations between stimuli and responses, and are classed as S-R theories.

121.

When reinforcement occurs after completion of a variable number of responses, it is called .............

A.Fixed-interval schedule
B.Variable-interval schedule
C.Fixed-ratio schedule
D.Variable-ratio schedule

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: D

This is a Variable-ratio schedule.

In a ratio schedule reinforcement depends on the number of responses; in an interval schedule it depends on time. When the number of responses required varies unpredictably around an average, the schedule is variable-ratio. Slot machines work this way, and the schedule produces high, steady response rates and strong resistance to extinction.

A fixed-ratio schedule reinforces after a set number of responses, as in piecework. Fixed-interval and variable-interval schedules reinforce the first response after a fixed or varying amount of time, not after a number of responses.

Discuss in Forum

122.

False perception without any external stimulus is ......................

A.Hallucination
B.Delirium
C.Illusion
D.Delusion

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: A

The answer is hallucination.

A hallucination is a perception, such as hearing voices or seeing figures, that occurs with no external stimulus at all.

An illusion is a misinterpretation of a real stimulus, such as taking a rope for a snake. A delusion is a fixed false belief, not a perception. Delirium is an acute state of confusion that may include hallucinations, but it is a syndrome rather than the false perception itself.

Discuss in Forum

123.

Trace conditioning refers to the following :

A.Conditioned stimulus (CS) precedes the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
B.Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) precedes the conditioned stimulus (CS)
C.Conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) begin at the same time
D.Conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ends at the same time

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: A

In trace conditioning the conditioned stimulus (CS) precedes the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

The defining feature is that the CS begins and ends before the UCS arrives, leaving a gap. The animal must hold a memory trace of the CS across the interval, which is where the name comes from. Delay conditioning, where the CS stays on until the UCS starts, is the other forward arrangement.

The UCS coming first is backward conditioning, which usually produces little learning. CS and UCS beginning together is simultaneous conditioning. Ending at the same time is not a named procedure; it describes the end of a delay trial.

Discuss in Forum

124.

You are at a party and meet someone you are really interested in. You get that person's phone number but have no way to write it down, so you use the process of ................ to get into memory.

A.Retrieval
B.Storage
C.Encoding
D.Rehearsal

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: C

The process of getting the number into memory is encoding.

Memory is usually described in three stages: encoding puts information into the memory system in a usable form, storage keeps it over time, and retrieval brings it back out. Since the stem asks how the number gets into memory, it describes the first stage.

Retrieval and storage are later stages. Rehearsal is tempting, because repeating the number is how many people would hold it, but rehearsal is a strategy that keeps information active and helps it to be encoded; the stage the question names is encoding itself.

Discuss in Forum

125.

The time it takes the intentional system to become prepared for something fresh is known as a :

A.Refractory period
B.Refectory period
C.Attenuation period
D.Feature integration period

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: A

This is the refractory period.

The stem's 'intentional system' stands for the attentional system. After attention has been committed to one stimulus, there is a short interval before it can deal with a new one. A second stimulus arriving within that interval is responded to more slowly, the psychological refractory period, and a related limit appears in the attentional blink.

'Refectory' is a dining hall, a distractor built on the similar spelling. Attenuation belongs to Treisman's filter theory, where unattended messages are weakened, not delayed. Feature integration is Treisman's account of binding features into objects, not a recovery interval.

Discuss in Forum

126.

Which of the following model assumes that velocity, form and orientation of a stimuli are registered early and automatically while objects are identified separately only at a later stage ?

A.Feature Integration Model
B.Direct Perception Model
C.Recognition by Component Model
D.Pandemonium Model

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: A

This is the Feature Integration Model.

Treisman's feature integration theory proposes two stages. In the preattentive stage, basic features such as colour, orientation, form and motion are registered early, automatically and in parallel. In the focused attention stage, attention binds those features into a perceived object, so objects are identified only later.

Gibson's direct perception denies such staged processing. Biederman's recognition-by-components builds objects from geons rather than separate features. Selfridge's Pandemonium model uses layers of feature 'demons' but does not describe automatic registration followed by attention-based binding.

Discuss in Forum

127.

Which theory suggests that colour vision can be explained by the existence of three types of cones, which are maximally sensitive to blue, green or red ?

A.Opponent-process theory
B.Trichromatic theory
C.Signal detection theory
D.Gate control theory

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: B

This is the trichromatic theory.

The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory explains colour vision by three types of cone, most sensitive to short (blue), medium (green) and long (red) wavelengths. Every colour is coded by the ratio of their activity.

Hering's opponent-process theory explains colour by paired opposites (red-green, blue-yellow, black-white) and accounts for afterimages; it works at a later stage than the cones. Signal detection theory concerns detecting faint stimuli under uncertainty, and gate control theory is about pain.

Discuss in Forum

128.

Match the appropriate monocular depth cue with each example :

Example	Cues
(i) One building partly blocking another	(a) Motion parallax
(ii) Railroad tracks converging in the distance	(b) Linear perspective
(iii) Closure objects appearing to more faster than objects farther away	(c) Interposition
(iv) Objects further away looking smaller than near objects	(d) Relative size

A.(a)-(iii), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iv)
B.(a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
C.(a)-(iv), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii)
D.(a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: A

The correct matching is (a)-(iii), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iv).

(a) Motion parallax: closer objects appear to move faster than objects farther away (iii).
(b) Linear perspective: railway tracks converge in the distance (ii).
(c) Interposition: one building partly blocks another, so it is seen as nearer (i).
(d) Relative size: distant objects look smaller than near ones (iv).

The other options misplace at least two cues; the last, for instance, pairs interposition with converging tracks.

Discuss in Forum

129.

Who used levels of processing procedure to investigate the effects of intentionality and awareness on retrieval ?

A.Jacoby and Dallas
B.Schott et al
C.Richardson-Klavehn and Gardiner
D.Gardiner and Jawa

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: C

The answer is Richardson-Klavehn and Gardiner.

Richardson-Klavehn and Gardiner are the memory researchers who built their studies of stem completion on the retrieval intentionality criterion, comparing incidental and intentional tests and measuring whether people were aware of remembering. They varied the level of processing at study (for example semantic against non-semantic encoding) and examined its effect on priming and on awareness. Their 1998 paper is titled 'Depth-of-processing effects on priming in stem completion'.

Schott et al. (2005) used fMRI to separate implicit and explicit retrieval, but their study task was a single one, counting the syllables of each word, with no deep against shallow comparison, so it was not a levels-of-processing procedure. Jacoby and Dallas are known for relating recognition to perceptual identification, and Gardiner and Java for the remember/know procedure; neither pair is the one the stem names.

Discuss in Forum

130.

Which of the following theories is not considered as a part of stimulus-response theory of learning ?

A.Thorndike's theory
B.Pavlov's theory
C.Skinner's theory
D.Tolman's theory

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: D

Tolman's theory is not a stimulus-response theory.

Tolman's purposive behaviourism is a cognitive theory of learning. His rats learned cognitive maps of a maze and showed latent learning without reinforcement, which suggested that learning is the acquisition of expectations about the environment, not of S-R connections.

Thorndike's connectionism and law of effect, Pavlov's classical conditioning and Skinner's operant conditioning all describe learning as the strengthening of associations between stimuli and responses, and are classed as S-R theories.

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