Attention, Perception, Learning and Memory Questions and Answers

271.

Which of the following methods are employed to study Memory Processes ?

1. Free recall and Recognition
2. Observation and Recognition
3. Conditioning and Neuroimaging.
4. Concurrent memory task paradigm and Neuroimaging.
Codes :

A.1 and 3 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.3 and 4 only
D.1 and 4 only

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

Memory processes are studied by free recall and recognition (1), which are the classic behavioural measures, and by concurrent memory task paradigms and neuroimaging (4), which show the load on memory components and the brain areas involved. Observation and conditioning are not standard methods for studying memory processes, so statements 2 and 3 do not qualify. The correct combination is 1 and 4 only. The options that include 2 or 3 are therefore wrong.

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272.

Given below are the two statements, the first labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Indicate your answer using the codes given below :

Assertion (A) : Memories of eye witnesses are fragile as many factors can distort their memories.
Reason (R) : Post event information can interfere with their memories to a great extent.
Codes :

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
B.Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
D.(A) is false, but (R) is true.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

Both statements are true and the reason explains the assertion. Eyewitness memory is fragile and many factors can distort it. Post-event information, such as leading questions or news reports, can interfere with the original memory, as Loftus's misinformation studies showed. So the reason is one important cause of the fragility named in the assertion. Option B would treat the reason as unrelated, and options C and D deny the truth of one of the two statements.

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273.

Which set of processes is involved in storing of information in long-term memory ?

1. Chunking
2. Long term potentiation
3. Consolidation
4. Monitoring
Codes :

A.2 and 3
B.1, 2 and 4
C.3 and 4
D.1, 3 and 4

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: A

Long-term potentiation and consolidation are the processes that store information in long-term memory, so the set is 2 and 3. Long-term potentiation is the lasting strengthening of synapses after repeated activity, and consolidation is the gradual stabilising of a new trace into permanent storage. Chunking is a way of organising material to enlarge the capacity of short-term memory, and monitoring is a metacognitive check on one's own memory, so neither is a storage process. Hence 1, 2 and 4, 3 and 4, and 1, 3 and 4 are all wrong because each includes one of those.

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274.

An oil painting itself can include all of the following cues to depth perception except :

A.Linear Perspective
B.Retinal Disparity
C.Texture Gradient
D.Relative Image Size

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: B

Retinal disparity is the cue a painting cannot provide. A painting is a flat surface, so both eyes receive essentially the same image and the small difference between the two retinal images that disparity depends on is absent. An artist can still create depth with pictorial, monocular cues: linear perspective (converging lines), texture gradient (finer texture with distance) and relative size (nearer objects drawn larger). These three can all be painted, so they are not the exception asked for.

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275.

Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Indicate your answer using the code given below :

Assertion (A) : Everyday people face situations wherein they have to choose one alternative to the exclusion of others and they make use of the concurrent schedules of reinforcement effectively.
Reason (R) : The matching law suggests that we choose between response alternatives in such a way so as to maximize the reinforcement we receive from the chosen alternative.
Codes :

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is correct explanation of (A).
B.Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
D.(A) is false, but (R) is true.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: A

Both statements are true and the reason explains the assertion. In concurrent schedules two or more reinforcement schedules run together and the organism chooses among them, as people do daily when choosing between options. The matching law states that behaviour is distributed among the alternatives in proportion to the reinforcement each yields, which describes how people make such choices effectively. Because (R) gives the principle by which choice under concurrent schedules works, it is the correct explanation of (A), and options that call it merely a related truth or either statement false are wrong.

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276.

Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Indicate your answer using the code given below :

Assertion (A) : In a memory experiment participants were found to use both verbal and visual encoding while performing the given task.
Reason (R) : Episodic buffer, a component of working memory, is used to integrate and to store briefly the information from phonological loop and visuospatial sketch-pad.
Codes :

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is correct explanation of (A).
B.Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
D.(A) is false, but (R) is true.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: A

Both statements are true and the reason is the correct explanation. Working memory, in Baddeley's model, has a phonological loop for verbal material and a visuospatial sketchpad for visual material, and the episodic buffer integrates information from these two and holds it briefly. A participant who encodes a task both verbally and visually is therefore using the two stores that the buffer combines, so (R) accounts for how the dual encoding is brought together. The options that call the reason unrelated or either statement false are wrong.

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277.

Put the steps involved in observational learning in sequence of its occurrence :

I. Reproduction
II. Attention
III. Motivation for later use
IV. Retention

A.IV, II, I, III
B.I, IV, III, II
C.II, IV, I, III
D.III, I, II, IV

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: C

The sequence is attention, retention, reproduction, motivation, that is II, IV, I, III. In Bandura's account of observational learning the learner first attends to the model, then retains the behaviour in memory, then reproduces it when able, and is finally motivated to perform it later, usually by expected reinforcement. The order IV, II, I, III puts retention before attention, which is impossible because nothing can be retained without being attended to. Orders that begin with reproduction or motivation fail for the same reason.

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278.

Arrange the following stages of memory in order of their occurrence :

I. Chunking
II. Sensory register
III. Consolidation
IV. Elaborative rehearsal
V. Selective attention
Codes :

A.V, II, I, IV, III
B.III, II, V, I, IV
C.I, V, II, IV, III
D.II, I, V, III, IV

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: A

The order is selective attention, sensory register, chunking, elaborative rehearsal, consolidation, which is V, II, I, IV, III. Information is first selected by attention from the sensory input and held briefly in the sensory register, then grouped by chunking and processed by elaborative rehearsal in short-term memory, and finally consolidated into long-term storage. Options that begin with consolidation or place elaborative rehearsal before the sensory register reverse the flow of information.

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279.

Arjun gets annoyed when his mother nags him to do his homework. When he finally does it, his mother stops nagging. Now he does the homework without any nagging. Here 'nagging' has served as a

A.Punishment by application
B.Positive reinforcement
C.Negative reinforcement
D.Punishment by removal

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: C

The nagging acts as negative reinforcement. Arjun's behaviour of doing homework is strengthened because it removes an unpleasant stimulus, the nagging. Positive reinforcement would strengthen a behaviour by adding something pleasant. Punishment by application would add an unpleasant stimulus to reduce a behaviour, and punishment by removal would take away something pleasant; neither fits, because the behaviour increased and the stimulus was removed.

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280.

Given below are the two statements Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Indicate your answer using the codes given below :

Assertion (A) : Larger the image of an object on the retina, the closer it is judged to be. In addition, if an object is larger than other objects, it is often perceived as closer.
Reason (R) : Retinal disparity provides an important cue for depth perception.
Codes :

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
B.Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
D.(A) is false, but (R) is true.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: B

Both statements are true, but the reason does not explain the assertion. The assertion describes relative size, a monocular cue: a larger retinal image suggests a nearer object. Retinal disparity, the difference between the images in the two eyes, is a true and important binocular cue to depth, but it is a different cue and does not account for the size effect. So (R) is true but is not the explanation of (A). Calling (R) the explanation is wrong, and neither statement is false.

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