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Human Development and Interventions Questions and Answers

1.

Which of the factors that contribute in development of psychological disorders does NOT come under the biological domain?

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: D

Overprotection by parents is a psychological or family factor, so it does not come under the biological domain. Injuries (for example to the brain), endocrine imbalances and malnutrition are all biological factors that can contribute to psychological disorders, because they affect the working of the brain and body directly.

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2.

In which of the following disorders does an individual experience a dreamlike state, in which the person has a sense of being separated both from self and from reality?

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: B

Depersonalisation is the experience of a dreamlike state in which the person feels detached from the self and from reality. Dissociative identity disorder, also called multiple personality disorder, involves two or more distinct personalities in one person, so those two options are about split identity and not detachment. 'Self-loss disorder' is not a standard diagnostic name.

In depersonalisation the person feels like an outside observer of his or her own body and mind, while still knowing that the experience is not real.

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3.

In which of the following disorders do disturbances of perception, wakefulness, attention, thinking, judgment, psychomotor behaviour, and interpersonal behaviour, occur?

1. Substance intoxication
2. Substance withdrawal
3. Substance use disorder

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: C

The key is Only 1, substance intoxication. The stem describes the disturbances of perception, wakefulness, attention, thinking, judgment, psychomotor and interpersonal behaviour that follow recent ingestion of a substance, which is how intoxication is described. Withdrawal brings a different set of symptoms after stopping the substance, and substance use disorder describes a pattern of problematic use, not those acute disturbances.

Because the stem's list of disturbances matches an acute state, intoxication is the one with such sudden, short-lived effects on awareness and behaviour.

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4.

Which of the following thought types are characterised as irrational beliefs in cognitive therapy?

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: C

In cognitive therapy, thoughts built on 'must' and 'should' are treated as irrational beliefs, because they set rigid demands on oneself, others or the world (Ellis's rational-emotive approach calls these musts). Thoughts with 'may' and 'might' allow flexibility and so are not irrational. Adaptive paradigms and accepting paradigms are healthy ways of thinking, so they are not the irrational type.

In rational emotive behaviour therapy, Albert Ellis called these demands musturbation: 'I must succeed', 'others should treat me well'. Flexible thoughts using 'may' or 'might' leave room for other outcomes, so they cause less distress.

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5.

Which of the following is the aim of Gestalt therapy?

1. Enhances client's self-acceptance
2. Increase an individual's self-awareness
3. Recognition of bodily processes

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: D

All three are aims of Gestalt therapy, so the answer is 1, 2 and 3. It aims to increase the client's self-awareness of present feelings and needs, which in turn builds self-acceptance, and it asks the client to attend to bodily processes such as posture and breathing, which are signs of unfinished emotional business. Options that omit one of the three aims are incomplete.

Fritz Perls, who developed Gestalt therapy, stressed living in the present and taking responsibility for one's feelings and body.

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6.

In Indian context, psychologists are employed in which of the following sectors?

1. Hospitals
2. Advertising industry
3. Sports
4. Information technology

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: A

In India psychologists work in all four sectors, so the answer is All of 1, 2, 3 and 4. They work in hospitals as clinical psychologists, in the advertising industry on consumer behaviour, in sports as sports psychologists helping athletes with motivation and performance, and in information technology on human factors, user experience and human resources. Options that leave out sports or information technology are therefore incomplete.

Psychologists in sport work with athletes on concentration and anxiety, and those in industry and IT work on selection, training and user behaviour.

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7.

Social phobia is also known as:

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: B

Social phobia is also called social anxiety disorder, the marked fear of being judged or embarrassed in social situations. It is an anxiety disorder, not a panic disorder, which is marked by sudden episodes of intense fear. 'Social traumatic disorder' and 'social dependent disorder' are not names of this condition.

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8.

Which of the following delusions is NOT experienced in schizophrenia?

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: C

'Delusion of speech' is not a recognised delusion in schizophrenia. The usual delusions are delusions of persecution (the belief that others plan to harm one), reference (the belief that ordinary events or remarks are directed at oneself) and control (the belief that outside forces control one's thoughts, feelings or actions). Disorganised speech is a symptom of schizophrenia, but it is a disturbance of language and not a delusion.

Disorganised speech and thought disorder are signs of schizophrenia, whereas delusions are false beliefs held despite evidence, such as of persecution or reference.

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9.

Pica comes under which of the following disorders?

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: A

Pica, the persistent eating of non-nutritive substances such as chalk, soil or paper, is classified under feeding and eating disorders. It is not an anxiety disorder, because fear is not its core feature, nor a somatoform disorder, where distress takes the form of bodily symptoms without physical cause, nor a conduct disorder, which involves persistent violation of the rights of others and of social rules.

Pica, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating are all grouped under feeding and eating disorders in DSM-5.

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10.

The behaviour technique works on which of the following principles?

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: A

The key states that the behaviour technique works on the principle of reducing the arousal level, as relaxation procedures do for anxious clients. Reduced arousal weakens the physical tension that accompanies the fear response. Constancy of behaviour, antecedent operations and consequent operations are not the principles the key accepts for this technique.

Relaxation and similar behaviour techniques work by lowering physiological arousal, such as muscle tension and heart rate, which is the principle behind systematic desensitisation.

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