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Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Questions and Answers

11.

Consider the following statements about the secretory pathway.
1. Proteins move from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi in vesicles.
2. The Golgi modifies proteins as they pass through its cisternae.
3. Proteins enter the Golgi at its trans face.

Answer: C

The first two are correct. The third reverses the geography: entry is at the cis face nearest the reticulum, and the trans face is where the finished products depart for their destinations. Traffic through the stack runs strictly one way.

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12.

The Golgi apparatus is best described functionally as the cell's

Answer: D

It modifies, labels and routes material arriving from the reticulum, sending each item to its proper destination. Respiration, information storage and support all belong to other parts of the cell. The comparison with a dispatch centre holds unusually well here.

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13.

Lysosomes are formed by budding from the

Answer: A

Correct answer: trans Golgi network

Lysosomal hydrolases are tagged in the cis Golgi with mannose 6-phosphate, recognised by receptors at the trans Golgi network, and packaged into vesicles that bud from it. The tag is the address label: a defect in the enzyme that applies it sends the hydrolases out of the cell instead, which is the basis of I-cell disease.

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14.

The mannose-6-phosphate tag added in the Golgi directs a protein to the

Answer: B

Receptors in the trans Golgi network recognise the tag and package the protein accordingly. A defect in adding it causes I-cell disease, in which the enzymes are secreted instead of being delivered. The lysosomes then fill with undigested material, which is what damages the tissue.

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15.

Assertion (A): In I-cell disease, lysosomal enzymes are found in the bloodstream rather than in lysosomes.
Reason (R): The enzyme that adds the mannose-6-phosphate tag is defective.

Answer: C

Both are true and the reason gives the cause directly: without the tag the enzymes are not recognised for lysosomal delivery and follow the default route out of the cell, leaving the lysosomes full of undigested material.

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16.

State whether the following is true or false.
Lysosomal enzymes work best at the pH of the surrounding cytosol.

Answer: D

Correct answer: False

Lysosomal enzymes are acid hydrolases with an optimum near pH 5, maintained inside the lysosome by proton pumps in its membrane. The cytosol sits near 7.2, where those enzymes work very poorly - which is a safety feature rather than an accident, since it means that enzymes leaking from a ruptured lysosome do comparatively little damage.

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17.

The interior of a lysosome is kept acidic by

Answer: A

An ATP-driven pump moves hydrogen ions in, holding the lumen around pH 5 against the near-neutral cytosol. Maintaining that difference costs the cell energy continuously. A lysosome whose pump fails loses its acidity and with it most of its digestive power.

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18.

Autophagy is the process by which a cell

Answer: B

A double membrane wraps the material to be recycled and delivers it to a lysosome, returning the building blocks to the cytosol. The process becomes especially important when a cell is starved. Recycling its own components buys a starving cell time to find nutrients.

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19.

Peroxisomes are distinguished by their content of enzymes that

Answer: C

Oxidases generate the peroxide and catalase destroys it, so a dangerous intermediate is contained within one compartment. Very long fatty acids are broken down there as well. Their name records the peroxide rather than any other feature of the organelle.

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20.

State whether the following is true or false.
Peroxisomes arise by budding from the Golgi apparatus in the way lysosomes do.

Answer: D

They grow by importing proteins directly from the cytosol and then divide, rather like mitochondria. The two organelles look superficially similar but have quite different origins. Origin is a better guide than appearance when classifying organelles.

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