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Environmental Economics and Demography Questions and Answers

1.

Consider the following statements about infant mortality rate :

1. It is the probability of dying between birth and exactly 1 year of age, expressed per 10000 live births.
2. The infant mortality rate in the year 1950 was 189.6.
3. In the year 2019, the infant mortality rate was 30.
4. As per the Sample Registration System (SRS) Bulletin of Registrar General of India (RGI), the State with the highest infant mortality rate in the year 2019 was Uttar Pradesh.

Which of the above statements are correct?

Exam Year(s)

BPSC Exam - 2023, BPSC CDPO - 2023,

Answer: C

The correct statements are Only 2 and 3.

Statement 1 is wrong: the infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births, not per 10,000. Statement 4 is wrong: the SRS Bulletin for 2019 shows Madhya Pradesh, not Uttar Pradesh, with the highest infant mortality rate among the states.

That removes every option containing 1 or 4 and leaves statements 2 and 3, which the Commission's key accepts: an IMR of 189.6 per thousand for 1950, and 30 for 2019 according to the SRS, a fall that reflects decades of progress in maternal and child health.

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2.

Which event/s led to enforcement of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986?

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: C

The Environment (Protection) Act of 1986 was passed after the Bhopal gas tragedy of December 1984, in which a leak of methyl isocyanate from a pesticide plant killed thousands, and it was enacted under Article 253 to give effect to the decisions of the Stockholm Conference of 1972. Environmental degradation and ozone depletion are general concerns, but the event that led to the Act is the Bhopal gas tragedy. The answer is option C. The Act gave the central government wide powers to take measures to protect and improve the environment and to prevent and control pollution.

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3.

Where was the term Sustainable Development came into prominence:

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: B

The term sustainable development came into prominence through the World Conservation Strategy of 1980, issued by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, and was later spread by the Brundtland report of 1987. The Montreal Protocol and the Vienna Convention concern the ozone layer, and Bali is a climate meeting. The answer is World Conservation Strategy (1980), option B. The idea was developed in the Brundtland Report of 1987, which defined it as development that meets present needs without harming future generations.

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4.

The immediate objective of National Population Policy, 2000 was:

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: A

The immediate objective of the National Population Policy 2000 was to address the unmet needs for contraception, health care infrastructure and health personnel, and to provide integrated service delivery for basic reproductive and child health care. Its medium term objective was to bring the total fertility rate to the replacement level by 2010 and the long term objective was to achieve a stable population by 2045. The answer is option A. The medium term aim was to bring the total fertility rate down to replacement level by 2010, and the long term aim a stable population by 2045.

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5.

Which of the following called for a direct assault upon India's population problem?

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: D

India's population policy became more direct with the Population Policy of 1976, announced during the Emergency, which brought in a more forceful approach, including higher incentives and compulsion in some states, to attack the population problem directly. The First Plan, the target free approach and the National Population Policy 2000 were milder. The key gives option D.

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6.

The phenomenon of 'demographic dividend' of a country is related to:

Exam Year(s)

HPPSC HPAS - 2021,

Answer: D

It is related to an increase in the population in the working age group.

The demographic dividend is the boost to economic growth that becomes possible when the share of people of working age (roughly 15 to 64) rises relative to dependent children and elderly people. With more earners and fewer dependants, savings, investment and output can all rise, provided the workers are educated, healthy and employed.

A fall in infant mortality and fertility is part of the demographic transition that eventually produces this bulge, but it is not itself the dividend. A sharp decline in total population and a change in the sex ratio do not describe it at all.

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7.

The term "Demographic Dividend" refers to

Exam Year(s)

JPSC Civil Services - 2026,

Answer: C

The demographic dividend refers to a large working age population.

As birth rates fall, the share of people of working age (about 15 to 64) rises relative to dependent children and the elderly. If they are educated and employed, this bulge can boost savings, investment and growth: that potential economic gain is the demographic dividend.

A high birth rate produces more dependants, not a dividend, and migration and unemployment are not what the term describes; unemployment is the risk if the dividend is not used.

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8.

Green GDP refers to

Exam Year(s)

JPSC Civil Services - 2026,

Answer: B

Green GDP is GDP after accounting for environmental degradation.

Green GDP adjusts conventional GDP by subtracting the cost of depleting natural resources and of environmental damage such as pollution, so that it measures growth that is sustainable rather than growth bought by running down natural capital.

It is not a measure of agricultural, service-sector or export-led growth; the word 'green' refers to the environmental adjustment.

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9.

When was the world population counted 1 Billion?

Exam Year(s)

JPSC Civil Services - 2026,

Answer: D

The world's population reached one billion in the 19th century.

Demographers estimate that the world population passed one billion around 1804, at the start of the nineteenth century. It took until about 1927 to reach two billion, and growth accelerated sharply after that.

In the 16th to 18th centuries the population was still well below a billion, so those options are too early.

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10.

Imagine that the sex ratio in Kerala decreases from 2011 census to 2021 census; which could hypothetically be the reason/s among the following ?

(i) There is a mass male return migration.
(ii) There is mass exodus of females to other countries.
(iii) There is a decrease in the female feticide.

Exam Year(s)

Kerala PSC KAS - 2020,

Answer: C

Both (i) and (ii) could explain it, so the answer is Both (i) and (ii).

The sex ratio is the number of females per 1,000 males. It falls when the count of males rises relative to females, or the count of females falls relative to males.

A mass return migration of men (i) adds males to the resident population, and a mass exodus of women abroad (ii) removes females; both lower the ratio. A decrease in female foeticide (iii) works the other way: more girls are born, which raises the sex ratio. So any option containing (iii) is wrong, and (i) or (ii) alone is incomplete.

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