Child and Human Development Questions and Answers

Q: Which statement indicates the most appropriate relationship between learning and maturation in children ?

The most appropriate statement is that maturational readiness is important for learning.Maturation is the unfolding of growth that is set by heredity, such as the development of the nervous system and muscles. Learning builds on it: a child cannot learn to walk, write or read until the body and brain are ready, however much she is taught. This is the idea of readiness, stressed by Gesell.So learning does not occur irrespective of maturation, and the two are not independent. That learning is influenced by environment is true, but it does not describe the relationship between learning and maturation, which is what the question asks.

Q: Jagriti and Kirti have a 13-month-old baby girl. As per Erikson's theory their sensitive and loving care of their daughter contributes to :

Their care contributes to the child's sense of basic trust.In Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, the first stage, from birth to about 18 months, is trust versus mistrust. A baby whose needs are met by sensitive, loving and consistent care comes to feel that the world is safe and people are dependable, and so develops basic trust. A 13-month-old is still in this stage.Secure attachment is a concept from Bowlby and Ainsworth's attachment theory, not from Erikson. A sense of control, or autonomy, belongs to Erikson's second stage, from about 18 months to 3 years, and 'desire fulfillment' is not one of his outcomes.

Q: Fifteen-year-old Champa has a set of girl friends with whom she feels freer and more open with her friends than with her family. Champa's parents should :

Champa's parents should not worry, since adolescence is typically a time of growing peer influence and diminishing parental influence.Turning to friends is a normal part of adolescence. As teenagers work out their identity and independence, they spend more time with peers and confide in them, while still relying on their parents for values and guidance. Close, open friendships are a healthy sign.Being concerned or seeking family counselling would treat a normal developmental change as a problem. Helping her collect 'as many good friends' as possible and following up on them is intrusive and misses the point that the change itself is expected.

Q: Antra has skilful finger movement that helps her in playing musical instruments. This is an example of :

This is an example of fine motor skill.Fine motor skills use the small muscles of the hands and fingers, coordinated with the eyes, for precise movements such as writing, threading beads, buttoning and playing a musical instrument.Locomotor skills, such as walking, running and jumping, move the body from place to place and belong to gross motor development. 'Bodily motor skill' describes large movements of the whole body, and motor skills are learned through practice rather than simply inherited, so 'hereditary motor skill' does not fit.

Q: Child who believes that "what is right is lawful and that what is wrong in unlawful", is at what stage of moral development, as per Kolberg's theory ?

The child is at the stage of social system morality.In Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, stage 4 (law and order, or social system morality) belongs to the conventional level. The person judges right and wrong by whether something upholds the laws and rules of society: what is lawful is right and what is unlawful is wrong.Punishment and obedience orientation (stage 1) judges acts by whether they are punished. Interpersonal norms, also called the good boy/good girl orientation (stage 3), judges acts by whether they win the approval of others. Neither rests on the law itself.

Q: Sushma, a primary school teacher wants to know about children social relationships in and out of class. Which technique of child study will help her ?

The technique that will help her is sociometry and the sociogram.Sociometry, devised by J. L. Moreno, asks each child whom they would like to sit, play or work with. The choices are drawn as a sociogram, a diagram that shows the popular children (stars), mutual pairs, cliques and isolates, which is exactly the picture of social relationships the teacher wants.Psychometry measures abilities and traits with tests, not relationships. Social and resource mapping is a participatory method for mapping a village's households and resources. 'Social kaleidoscope' is not a child study technique.

Q: Lack of nutrition and stimulation in early years has a major impact on the child's :

The major impact is on the child's brain architecture.The brain grows fastest in the first years of life, when millions of neural connections form each second. Good nutrition provides the material for this growth, and stimulation through talk, play and responsive care strengthens the connections that are used. Lack of either leaves a weaker foundation for later learning, behaviour and health.Admission to school, attachment with peers and resistance to disease may all be affected indirectly, but the main and lasting effect described in early childhood research is on the developing structure of the brain.

Q: Bronfenbrenner ecological model :

Bronfenbrenner's ecological model argues that the individual and the environment form an integrated system that develops together.Urie Bronfenbrenner described development as taking place within nested systems (microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem) that interact with each other and with the developing person. Change in one part affects the others, so child and context develop together.The theory is about human development, not environmental protection or pollution. It has not been replaced by any 'life force theory', and his later bioecological version explicitly includes the person's biological characteristics, so it does not deny genetic influence.

Q: Infant's reflex to clear throat :

The infant's reflex to clear the throat is the gag reflex.The gag reflex is triggered when something touches the back of the throat. The infant thrusts the tongue forward and contracts the throat to expel milk, mucus or a foreign object, protecting the airway. It is present from birth and persists throughout life.The Moro reflex is the startle response of flinging the arms out and then drawing them in. The sucking reflex is triggered by touching the lips, and the rooting reflex by stroking the cheek, which turns the head towards the touch to find the nipple.

21.

Which statement indicates the most appropriate relationship between learning and maturation in children ?

A.Learning occurs among children irrespective of maturational influence
B.Maturational readiness is important for learning
C.Maturation and learning are independent
D.Learning is influenced by environment

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

The most appropriate statement is that maturational readiness is important for learning.

Maturation is the unfolding of growth that is set by heredity, such as the development of the nervous system and muscles. Learning builds on it: a child cannot learn to walk, write or read until the body and brain are ready, however much she is taught. This is the idea of readiness, stressed by Gesell.

So learning does not occur irrespective of maturation, and the two are not independent. That learning is influenced by environment is true, but it does not describe the relationship between learning and maturation, which is what the question asks.

Discuss in Forum

22.

Jagriti and Kirti have a 13-month-old baby girl. As per Erikson's theory their sensitive and loving care of their daughter contributes to :

A.The child's sense of basic trust
B.The child's secure attachment
C.The child's sense of control
D.Desire fulfillment

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

Their care contributes to the child's sense of basic trust.

In Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, the first stage, from birth to about 18 months, is trust versus mistrust. A baby whose needs are met by sensitive, loving and consistent care comes to feel that the world is safe and people are dependable, and so develops basic trust. A 13-month-old is still in this stage.

Secure attachment is a concept from Bowlby and Ainsworth's attachment theory, not from Erikson. A sense of control, or autonomy, belongs to Erikson's second stage, from about 18 months to 3 years, and 'desire fulfillment' is not one of his outcomes.

Discuss in Forum

23.

Fifteen-year-old Champa has a set of girl friends with whom she feels freer and more open with her friends than with her family. Champa's parents should :

A.Be concerned, because of deteriorating parent-adolescent relationships
B.Should help Champa find as many good friends and follow up with them
C.Seek family counseling
D.Not worry, since adolescence is typically a time of growing peer influence and diminishing parental influence

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: D

Champa's parents should not worry, since adolescence is typically a time of growing peer influence and diminishing parental influence.

Turning to friends is a normal part of adolescence. As teenagers work out their identity and independence, they spend more time with peers and confide in them, while still relying on their parents for values and guidance. Close, open friendships are a healthy sign.

Being concerned or seeking family counselling would treat a normal developmental change as a problem. Helping her collect 'as many good friends' as possible and following up on them is intrusive and misses the point that the change itself is expected.

Discuss in Forum

24.

Antra has skilful finger movement that helps her in playing musical instruments. This is an example of :

A.Excellent locomotor skill
B.Hereditary motor skill
C.Bodily motor skill
D.Fine motor skill

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: D

This is an example of fine motor skill.

Fine motor skills use the small muscles of the hands and fingers, coordinated with the eyes, for precise movements such as writing, threading beads, buttoning and playing a musical instrument.

Locomotor skills, such as walking, running and jumping, move the body from place to place and belong to gross motor development. 'Bodily motor skill' describes large movements of the whole body, and motor skills are learned through practice rather than simply inherited, so 'hereditary motor skill' does not fit.

Discuss in Forum

25.

Child who believes that "what is right is lawful and that what is wrong in unlawful", is at what stage of moral development, as per Kolberg's theory ?

A.Punishment and Obedience Orientation
B.Social System Morality
C.Interpersonal Norms
D.Good boy/girl orientation

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

The child is at the stage of social system morality.

In Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, stage 4 (law and order, or social system morality) belongs to the conventional level. The person judges right and wrong by whether something upholds the laws and rules of society: what is lawful is right and what is unlawful is wrong.

Punishment and obedience orientation (stage 1) judges acts by whether they are punished. Interpersonal norms, also called the good boy/good girl orientation (stage 3), judges acts by whether they win the approval of others. Neither rests on the law itself.

Discuss in Forum

26.

Sushma, a primary school teacher wants to know about children social relationships in and out of class. Which technique of child study will help her ?

A.Sociometry and Sociogram
B.Psychometry
C.Social and resource mapping
D.Social kaleidoscope

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

The technique that will help her is sociometry and the sociogram.

Sociometry, devised by J. L. Moreno, asks each child whom they would like to sit, play or work with. The choices are drawn as a sociogram, a diagram that shows the popular children (stars), mutual pairs, cliques and isolates, which is exactly the picture of social relationships the teacher wants.

Psychometry measures abilities and traits with tests, not relationships. Social and resource mapping is a participatory method for mapping a village's households and resources. 'Social kaleidoscope' is not a child study technique.

Discuss in Forum

27.

Lack of nutrition and stimulation in early years has a major impact on the child's :

A.Brain architecture
B.Future admission to school
C.Attachment with peers
D.Ability to resist diseases

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

The major impact is on the child's brain architecture.

The brain grows fastest in the first years of life, when millions of neural connections form each second. Good nutrition provides the material for this growth, and stimulation through talk, play and responsive care strengthens the connections that are used. Lack of either leaves a weaker foundation for later learning, behaviour and health.

Admission to school, attachment with peers and resistance to disease may all be affected indirectly, but the main and lasting effect described in early childhood research is on the developing structure of the brain.

Discuss in Forum

28.

Periodic shedding of utrine lining discharge of blood and mucus from uterus refers to :

A.Menstruation
B.Menarche
C.Ovulation
D.Moment

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: A

The periodic shedding of the uterine lining with discharge of blood and mucus is menstruation.

If an ovum is not fertilised, the levels of oestrogen and progesterone fall and the thickened endometrium breaks down and is shed through the vagina, usually over 3-5 days in a cycle of about 28 days.

Menarche is only the first menstruation, a single event at puberty. Ovulation is the release of an ovum from the ovary, around the middle of the cycle, and 'moment' is not a reproductive term.

Discuss in Forum

29.

Bronfenbrenner ecological model :

A.States that human being must respect environment and cut pollution
B.Has been superseded by life force theory
C.Argues that the individual and their environment form integrated system which developed together
D.Denies genetic influence on development

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: C

Bronfenbrenner's ecological model argues that the individual and the environment form an integrated system that develops together.

Urie Bronfenbrenner described development as taking place within nested systems (microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem) that interact with each other and with the developing person. Change in one part affects the others, so child and context develop together.

The theory is about human development, not environmental protection or pollution. It has not been replaced by any 'life force theory', and his later bioecological version explicitly includes the person's biological characteristics, so it does not deny genetic influence.

Discuss in Forum

30.

Infant's reflex to clear throat :

A.Moro reflex
B.Sucking reflex
C.Gag reflex
D.Rooting reflex

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: C

The infant's reflex to clear the throat is the gag reflex.

The gag reflex is triggered when something touches the back of the throat. The infant thrusts the tongue forward and contracts the throat to expel milk, mucus or a foreign object, protecting the airway. It is present from birth and persists throughout life.

The Moro reflex is the startle response of flinging the arms out and then drawing them in. The sucking reflex is triggered by touching the lips, and the rooting reflex by stroking the cheek, which turns the head towards the touch to find the nipple.

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