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Attention, Perception, Learning and Memory Questions and Answers

171.

A nerve cell that responds to a vertical line but not to horizontal line is an example of

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

A nerve cell that responds to a vertical line but not to a horizontal line is a feature detector, the type of cell Hubel and Wiesel found in the visual cortex of the cat. Linear perspective is a depth cue, a pattern analyser is a model of recognition in which patterns are compared, and selection and organisation are broad perceptual processes, so feature detector is the answer. Hubel and Wiesel received a Nobel Prize for their work on such cells, which respond best to a line of a particular orientation at a particular place in the visual field.

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172.

Observational learning involves :

1. Attention and retention
2. Attention and Reinforcement
3. Production processes and motivation
4. Reinforcement and motivation

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

Observational learning, as described by Bandura, involves four processes: attention, retention, production (reproduction) processes and motivation. Statements 1 and 3 name two of these and both are correct, since attention and retention concern taking in and storing the model's behaviour, and production processes and motivation concern carrying it out. Reinforcement alone is not a required process, since learning can occur without it, so the pairs with reinforcement are wrong.

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173.

Which of the following factors reduce the accuracy of eyewitness testimony ?

1. Suggestibility
2. Source monitoring errors
3. Interference
4. Decay of memory traces
5. Illusion of outgroup homogeneity

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: C

The accuracy of eyewitness testimony is reduced by suggestibility (misleading information after the event), by source monitoring errors (the witness forgets where information came from and mixes up the sources) and by the illusion of outgroup homogeneity (members of another group look alike, causing errors in identification). So statements 1, 2 and 5 are right. Interference and decay of memory traces are general explanations of forgetting and are not the factors the key accepts here.

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174.

Railroad tracks that seem to draw closer together as they recede into the distance are an example of

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

Railroad tracks that seem to come closer together as they recede into the distance are an example of linear perspective, a monocular depth cue in which parallel lines appear to converge with distance. Relative size compares the sizes of similar objects, binocular vision depends on the two eyes (retinal disparity), and feature detection is the recognition of simple elements by cortical cells, so linear perspective is correct.

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175.

Memory for particular events is called :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: C

Memory for particular events, such as what you ate for breakfast today, is episodic memory, as described by Endel Tulving. Semantic memory is memory for facts and general knowledge, sensory memory is the very brief registration of stimuli, and procedural memory is memory of how to do things, such as riding a bicycle. So episodic is the answer. Tulving's distinction is between episodic memory, the personal record of events with their time and place, and semantic memory, the general knowledge not tied to when it was learned, which is why 'memory for particular events' must be the episodic one.

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176.

Match List-I with List-II and indicate your answer using the codes given below :

List - I (Brief description)List - II (Type of reinforcement)
p. reinforcement occurs after a set time period1. fixed ratio
q. reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses2. variable interval
r. reinforcement occurs after a varying time period3. fixed interval
s. reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses4. variable ratio

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

Reinforcement after a set time period is a fixed interval schedule (3), after a set number of responses a fixed ratio (1), after a varying time period a variable interval (2), and after a varying number of responses a variable ratio (4). The code is 3 1 2 4. Interval schedules depend on time, and ratio schedules depend on the number of responses, so the other codes that match time with ratio are wrong. These are the four basic schedules of partial reinforcement described by Skinner; variable schedules give steadier and more persistent responding than fixed ones.

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177.

A process following learning during which a memory becomes more firmly established is called :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

A process that follows learning, during which a memory becomes more firmly established, is consolidation: the memory trace is stabilised, and is disrupted if consolidation is interrupted, for example by a head injury. Over-learning is continued practice after mastery, a transfer period is not a memory process, and constructive processing is the reconstruction of memories at recall, so consolidation is the answer.

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178.

Match List-I with List-II and indicate your answer with the help of given codes.

List - I (Task )List - II (Type of memory)
p. Free recall and recognition1. semantic memory
q. Sentence verification task2. sensory memory
r. Priming3. episodic memory
s. Scanning task4. implicit memory

Codes :
p q r s

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: D

The correct matching is p-3, q-1, r-4, s-2, which is option D.

Free recall and recognition are tasks of episodic memory, the memory of personally experienced events (3). A sentence verification task tests semantic memory, the store of general knowledge and word meaning (1). Priming is the standard example of implicit memory, in which earlier exposure changes later performance without awareness (4). A scanning task, in which a stimulus is searched for in a briefly held array, is listed against sensory memory (2). Options A, B and C give semantic or sensory memory to the recall and priming tasks, so they break at least two of these pairs.

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179.

When information currently being learned adversely affects the retention of information acquired previously, the phenomena is referred to as :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

When new learning harms the retention of earlier learning, the phenomenon is retroactive interference.

The interference acts backwards in time: the later material disrupts memory for what was learned before. Proactive interference is the opposite, in which old learning interferes with the new. Distortion is a change in the content of a memory, and retrieval failure is the failure to bring a stored item to mind, so neither names the interference that is described.

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180.

Assertion (A) : Research suggests that delay conditioning is generally the most effective method for establishing a conditioned response.

Reason (R) : Conditioned stimulus helps predict forthcoming presentation of the unconditioned stimulus.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

Both statements are true and the reason explains the assertion, so the answer is option A.

In delay conditioning the conditioned stimulus begins before the unconditioned stimulus and stays on until it arrives. Research has generally found this the most effective arrangement for establishing a conditioned response. It works because the conditioned stimulus is a reliable signal of the coming unconditioned stimulus, which is the reason given, since conditioning depends on the stimulus predicting the outcome.

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