Attention, Perception, Learning and Memory Questions and Answers

Q: When an operant response is built by method of successive approximation it is called :

Building a response by successive approximation is shaping.In shaping, the trainer reinforces responses that come closer and closer to the target behaviour, raising the standard step by step. Skinner used it to teach pigeons and rats behaviours they would never emit by chance, such as turning in a full circle.Higher-order conditioning is a classical procedure in which a CS is used to condition a new stimulus. Reinforcement is the general process of strengthening a response, not this specific method, and generalization is the spread of a response to similar stimuli.

Q: The ........................ model of memory proposes physical, acoustic and semantic parts.

The key gives the processing model.Craik and Lockhart's levels-of-processing model (1972) holds that how well something is remembered depends on how deeply it is processed: shallow physical or structural processing (what the word looks like), intermediate acoustic or phonemic processing (what it sounds like), and deep semantic processing (what it means), which gives the best retention.The structural (multi-store) model divides memory into sensory, short-term and long-term stores. Connectionist models describe memory as patterns across networks of units, and non-declarative memory is a type of long-term memory, not a model of processing levels.

Q: The activated portion of long-term memory is called :

The activated portion of long-term memory is working memory.In views such as Cowan's embedded-processes model, working memory is the part of long-term memory that is currently activated, with a small focus of attention within it. Information is held and manipulated there while it is in use, for example during reasoning or mental arithmetic.Declarative and procedural memory are divisions of long-term memory by type of content (facts and events versus skills), not by activation. Sensory memory is the very brief store of raw sensory input that precedes short-term processing.

Q: Behaviour modification programmes may be designed to :

Behaviour modification programmes may be designed to either increase or decrease response strength.Behaviour modification applies learning principles to change behaviour. Some programmes strengthen desirable behaviour, such as studying or social skills, through positive reinforcement, shaping and token economies. Others weaken undesirable behaviour, such as aggression or smoking, through extinction, punishment, time-out or reinforcing incompatible behaviour. Many programmes do both at once.Saying they only increase or only reduce response strength describes half the field, and a programme that changes neither would have no purpose.

Q: At preschool Priyanka has learned that she must wash her hands before snack-time in order to get a snack. At home, she has started to wash her hands before eating. Priyanka's behaviour illustrates the process of :

Priyanka's behaviour illustrates stimulus generalization.In stimulus generalization a response learned in the presence of one stimulus is also made to similar stimuli. Priyanka learned to wash her hands before snack-time at preschool, and now makes the same response before eating at home, a similar situation in which she was not trained.Response generalization would be making a different but related response, such as wiping her hands instead of washing them. Discrimination is the opposite of generalization: responding in one situation but not another, which is not what she is doing.

Q: When a child asks for a candy only when at the grocery store with their grandmother and not when with their mother, the presence of their grandmother is acting as a :

The grandmother is acting as a discriminating stimulus.A discriminative stimulus signals that a particular response will be reinforced. The child has learned that asking for candy pays off when the grandmother is present and does not when the mother is, so the grandmother's presence sets the occasion for the behaviour.Observational learning is learning by watching others, not a stimulus. Variable-interval and fixed-ratio are schedules describing when reinforcement is given, by time or by number of responses; they do not describe a cue that controls when a behaviour occurs.

Q: Which of the following mnemonics are used for improvement of memory ?(1) Imagery(2) Method of loci(3) Organization(4) ClosureCodes :

The mnemonics are (1) imagery and (2) the method of loci.Mnemonics are special techniques for making material easier to remember. Imagery turns words into vivid mental pictures, such as linking items in a bizarre interactive image. The method of loci places the items to be remembered at familiar locations along an imagined route and recalls them by walking the route in the mind.Organisation (grouping material into categories) improves memory, but it is a general encoding strategy rather than a mnemonic device. Closure is a Gestalt principle of perception, not a memory technique. So the options with (3) or (4) are wrong.

Q: An operantly conditioned response that is very durable and relatively hard to extinguish is said to show:

Such a response shows high resistance to extinction.Resistance to extinction is the persistence of a conditioned response after reinforcement stops. A response that lasts long and is hard to extinguish has high resistance. Responses learned under partial (intermittent) reinforcement, especially variable-ratio schedules, show the most, as gambling illustrates.Low resistance would mean the response disappears quickly. 'High' or 'low association with reinforcement' are not the standard terms; the durability of a response is described by its resistance to extinction.

Q: When noise presentation is responded to with a "no" (for signal presence) it is called a :

Saying 'no' when only noise is presented is a correct rejection.Signal detection theory has four outcomes:signal present, 'yes': hitsignal present, 'no': missnoise only, 'yes': false alarmnoise only, 'no': correct rejectionWhen the trial contains noise alone and the observer says no signal is present, the response is correct, so it is a correct rejection. A hit and a miss need a signal to be present, and a false alarm (printed 'fabe alarm') is saying 'yes' to noise.

61.

When an operant response is built by method of successive approximation it is called :

A.Higher order conditioning
B.Reinforcement
C.Shaping
D.Generalization

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

Building a response by successive approximation is shaping.

In shaping, the trainer reinforces responses that come closer and closer to the target behaviour, raising the standard step by step. Skinner used it to teach pigeons and rats behaviours they would never emit by chance, such as turning in a full circle.

Higher-order conditioning is a classical procedure in which a CS is used to condition a new stimulus. Reinforcement is the general process of strengthening a response, not this specific method, and generalization is the spread of a response to similar stimuli.

Discuss in Forum

62.

The ........................ model of memory proposes physical, acoustic and semantic parts.

A.Structural model
B.Connectionist model
C.Processing model
D.Non-declarative model

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

The key gives the processing model.

Craik and Lockhart's levels-of-processing model (1972) holds that how well something is remembered depends on how deeply it is processed: shallow physical or structural processing (what the word looks like), intermediate acoustic or phonemic processing (what it sounds like), and deep semantic processing (what it means), which gives the best retention.

The structural (multi-store) model divides memory into sensory, short-term and long-term stores. Connectionist models describe memory as patterns across networks of units, and non-declarative memory is a type of long-term memory, not a model of processing levels.

Discuss in Forum

63.

The activated portion of long-term memory is called :

A.Declarative memory
B.Working memory
C.Sensory memory
D.Procedural memory

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

The activated portion of long-term memory is working memory.

In views such as Cowan's embedded-processes model, working memory is the part of long-term memory that is currently activated, with a small focus of attention within it. Information is held and manipulated there while it is in use, for example during reasoning or mental arithmetic.

Declarative and procedural memory are divisions of long-term memory by type of content (facts and events versus skills), not by activation. Sensory memory is the very brief store of raw sensory input that precedes short-term processing.

Discuss in Forum

64.

Skinner believed that reinforcement was necessary for an operant behaviour to be acquired. Observational learning, however, demonstrates that a behaviour can also be acquired as a result of :

A.Punishment
B.Classical conditioning
C.Observing another individual's behaviour and the reinforcement of his behaviour
D.Instinctive drift

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

Observational learning shows a behaviour can be acquired by observing another individual's behaviour and its reinforcement.

Bandura's Bobo doll studies showed that children learned aggressive acts simply by watching an adult model, without being reinforced themselves. Seeing the model rewarded (vicarious reinforcement) made them more likely to perform the behaviour, and seeing the model punished made them less likely. Learning took place without direct reinforcement of the learner.

Punishment weakens behaviour rather than producing new behaviour. Classical conditioning pairs stimuli to produce reflexive responses. Instinctive drift is the tendency of conditioned behaviour to slip back towards instinctive patterns.

Discuss in Forum

65.

Behaviour modification programmes may be designed to :

A.increase response strength
B.reduce response strength
C.either increase or decrease response strength
D.neither increase nor decrease response strength

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

Behaviour modification programmes may be designed to either increase or decrease response strength.

Behaviour modification applies learning principles to change behaviour. Some programmes strengthen desirable behaviour, such as studying or social skills, through positive reinforcement, shaping and token economies. Others weaken undesirable behaviour, such as aggression or smoking, through extinction, punishment, time-out or reinforcing incompatible behaviour. Many programmes do both at once.

Saying they only increase or only reduce response strength describes half the field, and a programme that changes neither would have no purpose.

Discuss in Forum

66.

At preschool Priyanka has learned that she must wash her hands before snack-time in order to get a snack. At home, she has started to wash her hands before eating. Priyanka's behaviour illustrates the process of :

A.Stimulus generalization
B.Response generalization
C.Response discrimination
D.Stimulus discrimination

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

Priyanka's behaviour illustrates stimulus generalization.

In stimulus generalization a response learned in the presence of one stimulus is also made to similar stimuli. Priyanka learned to wash her hands before snack-time at preschool, and now makes the same response before eating at home, a similar situation in which she was not trained.

Response generalization would be making a different but related response, such as wiping her hands instead of washing them. Discrimination is the opposite of generalization: responding in one situation but not another, which is not what she is doing.

Discuss in Forum

67.

When a child asks for a candy only when at the grocery store with their grandmother and not when with their mother, the presence of their grandmother is acting as a :

A.Discriminating stimulus
B.Observational learning
C.Variable-interval reinforcement schedule
D.Fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

The grandmother is acting as a discriminating stimulus.

A discriminative stimulus signals that a particular response will be reinforced. The child has learned that asking for candy pays off when the grandmother is present and does not when the mother is, so the grandmother's presence sets the occasion for the behaviour.

Observational learning is learning by watching others, not a stimulus. Variable-interval and fixed-ratio are schedules describing when reinforcement is given, by time or by number of responses; they do not describe a cue that controls when a behaviour occurs.

Discuss in Forum

68.

Which of the following mnemonics are used for improvement of memory ?

(1) Imagery
(2) Method of loci
(3) Organization
(4) Closure

Codes :

A.(1) and (2)
B.(1) and (3)
C.(2) and (3)
D.(3) and (4)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

The mnemonics are (1) imagery and (2) the method of loci.

Mnemonics are special techniques for making material easier to remember. Imagery turns words into vivid mental pictures, such as linking items in a bizarre interactive image. The method of loci places the items to be remembered at familiar locations along an imagined route and recalls them by walking the route in the mind.

Organisation (grouping material into categories) improves memory, but it is a general encoding strategy rather than a mnemonic device. Closure is a Gestalt principle of perception, not a memory technique. So the options with (3) or (4) are wrong.

Discuss in Forum

69.

An operantly conditioned response that is very durable and relatively hard to extinguish is said to show:

A.High association with reinforcement
B.Low association with reinforcement
C.High resistance to extinction
D.Low resistance to extinction

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

Such a response shows high resistance to extinction.

Resistance to extinction is the persistence of a conditioned response after reinforcement stops. A response that lasts long and is hard to extinguish has high resistance. Responses learned under partial (intermittent) reinforcement, especially variable-ratio schedules, show the most, as gambling illustrates.

Low resistance would mean the response disappears quickly. 'High' or 'low association with reinforcement' are not the standard terms; the durability of a response is described by its resistance to extinction.

Discuss in Forum

70.

When noise presentation is responded to with a "no" (for signal presence) it is called a :

A.hit
B.correct rejection
C.miss
D.fabe alarm

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

Saying 'no' when only noise is presented is a correct rejection.

Signal detection theory has four outcomes:

signal present, 'yes': hit
signal present, 'no': miss
noise only, 'yes': false alarm
noise only, 'no': correct rejection

When the trial contains noise alone and the observer says no signal is present, the response is correct, so it is a correct rejection. A hit and a miss need a signal to be present, and a false alarm (printed 'fabe alarm') is saying 'yes' to noise.

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