Match the recombinant proteins produced through molecular farming with their applications.Recombinant proteinsApplicationsP. Hirudine1. HIV therapyQ. Trichosanthin2. AnticoagulantR. Somatotrophin3. Growth hormoneS. β-Interferon4. Hypertension5. Cystic fibrosis6. Treatment for hepatitis-B

The correct match is P-2, Q-1, R-3, S-6.Hirudin, the leech anticoagulant, has been produced in transgenic plants as an anticoagulant (P-2).Trichosanthin, a ribosome-inactivating protein from Trichosanthes kirilowii, was studied for HIV therapy (Q-1).Somatotropin is growth hormone (R-3).Interferons, antiviral cytokines, are used in treatment of hepatitis B (S-6).The other options pair hirudin with hypertension or HIV, or somatotropin with hypertension or cystic fibrosis, none of which fits these proteins.

Match Group I (plant natural product), Group II (class) and Group III (source plant) in CORRECT combination.Group-IGroup-IIGroup-IIIP. ReserpineI. Stilbenesa. Manihot esculantaQ. ResveratrolII. Cyanogenic glycosideb. Crocus sativusR. PicrocrocinIII. Alkaloidc. Vitis viniferaS. LinamarinIV. Monoterpene glycosided. Rauwolfia serpentina

The correct combination is P-III-d, Q-I-c, R-IV-b, S-II-a.Reserpine is an indole alkaloid (III) from Rauwolfia serpentina (d), the Indian snakeroot, used as an antihypertensive.Resveratrol is a stilbene (I) found in grapes, Vitis vinifera (c).Picrocrocin, the bitter principle of saffron, is a monoterpene glycoside (IV) from Crocus sativus (b).Linamarin is a cyanogenic glycoside (II) of cassava, Manihot esculenta (a), which is why cassava must be processed before eating.Option A calls reserpine a stilbene and resveratrol a cyanogenic glycoside, option B makes resveratrol a monoterpene glycoside from saffron, and option C gives reserpine to cassava.

Which one of the options given correctly matches the alkaloids in Group I with their source plants in Group II?Group IGroup IIP. Cocaine1. CocoaQ. Caffeine2. NightshadeR. Morphine3. CocaS. Atropine4. Poppy

The match is P-3; Q-1; R-4; S-2.Cocaine comes from the leaves of coca (Erythroxylum coca).Caffeine is present in cocoa (Theobroma cacao), alongside its relative theobromine.Morphine is the main alkaloid of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum).Atropine comes from deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna).The trap is the similar names: options that give cocaine to cocoa and caffeine to coca swap the two, and the others misassign morphine or atropine as well.

Match the plant products in Group 1 with the plant species in Group 2 that produce them and the respective plant parts in Group 3 where they accumulate the most.Group 1Group 2Group 3(P) Liquorice(i) Cinchona calisaya(a) Leaf(Q) Quinine(ii) Lawsonia inermis(b) Root(R) Henna(iii) Glycyrriza glabra(c) Flower(S) Saffron(iv) Papaver somniferum(d) Bark(v) Crocus sativus(e) Seed

The correct match is P-iii-b, Q-i-d, R-ii-a, S-v-c.Liquorice comes from the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra.Quinine is extracted from the bark of Cinchona species such as C. calisaya.Henna is the powdered leaf of Lawsonia inermis.Saffron is the dried stigmas of the flower of Crocus sativus.Papaver somniferum (opium poppy) is the spare species. The option giving henna to seeds is wrong on the plant part, and the others assign liquorice or saffron to the wrong plant.

Correctly match the economically important specialized metabolites (Group I) with their broad chemical classes (Group II).Group IGroup II(P) Azadirachtin(1) Monoterpene(Q) Saponin(2) Alkaloid(R) Gallocatechin(3) Triterpene glycoside(S) Cocaine(4) Polyphenol(T) Menthol(5) Triterpene

The correct match is P-5; Q-3; R-4; S-2; T-1.Azadirachtin, the insecticidal compound of neem, is a limonoid, a highly oxidised triterpene (5).Saponins are soap-like triterpene glycosides, a triterpene aglycone carrying sugar chains (3).Gallocatechin is a flavan-3-ol of tea, a polyphenol (4).Cocaine, from coca leaves, is a tropane alkaloid (2).Menthol, from mint, is a C10 monoterpene (1).The first option calls gallocatechin an alkaloid and cocaine a polyphenol; the second calls azadirachtin an alkaloid; the last swaps azadirachtin and saponin, giving the glycoside to the aglycone.

Correctly match the following plant species in Group-I with their main economically important products in Group-II.Group-IGroup-II(P) Gossypium arboreum(1) Rubber(Q) Dalbergia sissoo(2) Spices(R) Hevea brasiliensis(3) Fibre(S) Pelargonium graveolens(4) Timber(5) Essential oil

The correct matching is P-3; Q-4; R-1; S-5.Gossypium arboreum, tree cotton, yields seed-hair fibre (3).Dalbergia sissoo, shisham or Indian rosewood, is valued for its hard, durable timber (4).Hevea brasiliensis, the Para rubber tree, yields natural rubber from its latex (1).Pelargonium graveolens, rose-scented geranium, is distilled for geranium essential oil (5).Spices (2) belong to none of them. The options that give the geranium spices, call cotton a spice crop, or make shisham the rubber source misassign these plants.

Economic and Applied Botany Questions and Answers

Q: Cytoplasmic male sterility via the chloroplast genome can be induced by the expression of Pha A gene encoding

The phaA gene encodes β-Ketothiolase.The bacterial polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) pathway uses three genes: phaA (β-ketothiolase, which condenses two acetyl CoA into acetoacetyl CoA), phaB (acetoacetyl CoA reductase) and phaC (PHB synthase). Expressing phaA from the chloroplast genome of tobacco diverts acetyl CoA away from fatty acid synthesis and disrupts pollen development, which is how this route to engineered cytoplasmic male sterility works.Acetoacetyl CoA reductase and PHB synthase are the products of phaB and phaC, and acetoacetyl CoA carboxylase is not part of the PHB pathway at all.

Q: Which one of the following drugs is obtained from the capsule of Papaver somniferum?

The drug is Codeine.The unripe capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, is scored to release a latex that dries into opium. Opium contains morphine, codeine, thebaine and papaverine among its alkaloids, and codeine is used as a cough suppressant and mild analgesic.Papain is a protease from papaya latex, digoxin is a cardiac glycoside from foxglove (Digitalis), and bromelain is a protease from pineapple; none comes from the poppy.

Q: The statistical interaction between gene loci is called

The statistical interaction between gene loci is called epistatic variance.In quantitative genetics, the genetic variance is divided into additive variance, dominance variance (interaction between alleles at the same locus) and epistatic or interaction variance, which arises from interactions between genes at different loci.Dominance variance is interaction within one locus, not between loci, and 'recessive variance' is not a recognised component.

Q: The arrangement of genes on the chromosome is

Genes are arranged on a chromosome in a linear order.Each gene occupies a fixed position (locus) along the length of the chromosome, one after another, like beads on a string. This linear arrangement, shown by T.H. Morgan and A.H. Sturtevant from crossing-over frequencies, is what makes genetic linkage maps possible.'Antiparallel' describes the two strands of the DNA double helix, not the arrangement of genes, and 'parallel' and 'perpendicular' do not describe it either.

Cytoplasmic male sterility via the chloroplast genome can be induced by the expression of Pha A gene encoding

A.β-Ketothiolase
B.Acetoacetyl CoA carboxylase
C.Acetoacetyl CoA reductase
D.PHB synthase

Exam Year(s)

GATE Life Sciences - 2012,

Answer: A

The phaA gene encodes β-Ketothiolase.

The bacterial polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) pathway uses three genes: phaA (β-ketothiolase, which condenses two acetyl CoA into acetoacetyl CoA), phaB (acetoacetyl CoA reductase) and phaC (PHB synthase). Expressing phaA from the chloroplast genome of tobacco diverts acetyl CoA away from fatty acid synthesis and disrupts pollen development, which is how this route to engineered cytoplasmic male sterility works.

Acetoacetyl CoA reductase and PHB synthase are the products of phaB and phaC, and acetoacetyl CoA carboxylase is not part of the PHB pathway at all.

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Which one of the following drugs is obtained from the capsule of Papaver somniferum?

A.Papain
B.Codeine
C.Digoxin
D.Bromelain

Exam Year(s)

GATE Life Sciences - 2012,

Answer: B

The drug is Codeine.

The unripe capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, is scored to release a latex that dries into opium. Opium contains morphine, codeine, thebaine and papaverine among its alkaloids, and codeine is used as a cough suppressant and mild analgesic.

Papain is a protease from papaya latex, digoxin is a cardiac glycoside from foxglove (Digitalis), and bromelain is a protease from pineapple; none comes from the poppy.

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Match the recombinant proteins produced through molecular farming with their applications.

Recombinant proteins	Applications
P. Hirudine	1. HIV therapy
Q. Trichosanthin	2. Anticoagulant
R. Somatotrophin	3. Growth hormone
S. β-Interferon	4. Hypertension
	5. Cystic fibrosis
	6. Treatment for hepatitis-B

A.P-2, Q-3, R-4, S-1
B.P-4, Q-1, R-5, S-2
C.P-1, Q-5, R-3, S-2
D.P-2, Q-1, R-3, S-6

Exam Year(s)

GATE Life Sciences - 2012,

Answer: D

The correct match is P-2, Q-1, R-3, S-6.

Hirudin, the leech anticoagulant, has been produced in transgenic plants as an anticoagulant (P-2).
Trichosanthin, a ribosome-inactivating protein from Trichosanthes kirilowii, was studied for HIV therapy (Q-1).
Somatotropin is growth hormone (R-3).
Interferons, antiviral cytokines, are used in treatment of hepatitis B (S-6).

The other options pair hirudin with hypertension or HIV, or somatotropin with hypertension or cystic fibrosis, none of which fits these proteins.

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Match Group I (plant natural product), Group II (class) and Group III (source plant) in CORRECT combination.

Group-I	Group-II	Group-III
P. Reserpine	I. Stilbenes	a. Manihot esculanta
Q. Resveratrol	II. Cyanogenic glycoside	b. Crocus sativus
R. Picrocrocin	III. Alkaloid	c. Vitis vinifera
S. Linamarin	IV. Monoterpene glycoside	d. Rauwolfia serpentina

A.P-I-d, Q-II-c, R-IV-a, S-III-b
B.P-III-d, Q-IV-b, R-I-c, S-II-a
C.P-II-a, Q-III-b, R-I-d, S-IV-c
D.P-III-d, Q-I-c, R-IV-b, S-II-a

Exam Year(s)

GATE Life Sciences - 2022,

Answer: D

The correct combination is P-III-d, Q-I-c, R-IV-b, S-II-a.

Reserpine is an indole alkaloid (III) from Rauwolfia serpentina (d), the Indian snakeroot, used as an antihypertensive.
Resveratrol is a stilbene (I) found in grapes, Vitis vinifera (c).
Picrocrocin, the bitter principle of saffron, is a monoterpene glycoside (IV) from Crocus sativus (b).
Linamarin is a cyanogenic glycoside (II) of cassava, Manihot esculenta (a), which is why cassava must be processed before eating.

Option A calls reserpine a stilbene and resveratrol a cyanogenic glycoside, option B makes resveratrol a monoterpene glycoside from saffron, and option C gives reserpine to cassava.

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Which one of the options given correctly matches the alkaloids in Group I with their source plants in Group II?

Group I	Group II
P. Cocaine	1. Cocoa
Q. Caffeine	2. Nightshade
R. Morphine	3. Coca
S. Atropine	4. Poppy

A.P-3; Q-1; R-4; S-2
B.P-1; Q-3; R-4; S-2
C.P-2; Q-1; R-3; S-4
D.P-4; Q-2; R-1; S-3

Exam Year(s)

GATE Life Sciences - 2023,

Answer: A

The match is P-3; Q-1; R-4; S-2.

Cocaine comes from the leaves of coca (Erythroxylum coca).
Caffeine is present in cocoa (Theobroma cacao), alongside its relative theobromine.
Morphine is the main alkaloid of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum).
Atropine comes from deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna).

The trap is the similar names: options that give cocaine to cocoa and caffeine to coca swap the two, and the others misassign morphine or atropine as well.

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Match the plant products in Group 1 with the plant species in Group 2 that produce them and the respective plant parts in Group 3 where they accumulate the most.

Group 1	Group 2	Group 3
(P) Liquorice	(i) Cinchona calisaya	(a) Leaf
(Q) Quinine	(ii) Lawsonia inermis	(b) Root
(R) Henna	(iii) Glycyrriza glabra	(c) Flower
(S) Saffron	(iv) Papaver somniferum	(d) Bark
	(v) Crocus sativus	(e) Seed

A.P-iii-b, Q-i-d, R-ii-a, S-v-c
B.P-i-b, Q-iii-d, R-ii-a, S-iv-c
C.P-iii-b, Q-i-d, R-ii-e, S-v-c
D.P-iv-b, Q-i-d, R-iii-c, S-ii-a

Exam Year(s)

GATE Life Sciences - 2024,

Answer: A

The correct match is P-iii-b, Q-i-d, R-ii-a, S-v-c.

Liquorice comes from the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra.
Quinine is extracted from the bark of Cinchona species such as C. calisaya.
Henna is the powdered leaf of Lawsonia inermis.
Saffron is the dried stigmas of the flower of Crocus sativus.

Papaver somniferum (opium poppy) is the spare species. The option giving henna to seeds is wrong on the plant part, and the others assign liquorice or saffron to the wrong plant.

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Correctly match the economically important specialized metabolites (Group I) with their broad chemical classes (Group II).

Group I	Group II
(P) Azadirachtin	(1) Monoterpene
(Q) Saponin	(2) Alkaloid
(R) Gallocatechin	(3) Triterpene glycoside
(S) Cocaine	(4) Polyphenol
(T) Menthol	(5) Triterpene

A.P-5; Q-3; R-2; S-4; T-1
B.P-2; Q-4; R-3; S-1; T-5
C.P-5; Q-3; R-4; S-2; T-1
D.P-3; Q-5; R-4; S-2; T-1

Exam Year(s)

GATE Life Sciences - 2025,

Answer: C

The correct match is P-5; Q-3; R-4; S-2; T-1.

Azadirachtin, the insecticidal compound of neem, is a limonoid, a highly oxidised triterpene (5).
Saponins are soap-like triterpene glycosides, a triterpene aglycone carrying sugar chains (3).
Gallocatechin is a flavan-3-ol of tea, a polyphenol (4).
Cocaine, from coca leaves, is a tropane alkaloid (2).
Menthol, from mint, is a C₁₀ monoterpene (1).

The first option calls gallocatechin an alkaloid and cocaine a polyphenol; the second calls azadirachtin an alkaloid; the last swaps azadirachtin and saponin, giving the glycoside to the aglycone.

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Correctly match the following plant species in Group-I with their main economically important products in Group-II.

Group-I	Group-II
(P) Gossypium arboreum	(1) Rubber
(Q) Dalbergia sissoo	(2) Spices
(R) Hevea brasiliensis	(3) Fibre
(S) Pelargonium graveolens	(4) Timber
	(5) Essential oil

A.P-3; Q-4; R-1; S-5
B.P-3; Q-4; R-1; S-2
C.P-2; Q-4; R-1; S-3
D.P-3; Q-1; R-2; S-5

Exam Year(s)

GATE Life Sciences - 2026,

Answer: A

The correct matching is P-3; Q-4; R-1; S-5.

Gossypium arboreum, tree cotton, yields seed-hair fibre (3).
Dalbergia sissoo, shisham or Indian rosewood, is valued for its hard, durable timber (4).
Hevea brasiliensis, the Para rubber tree, yields natural rubber from its latex (1).
Pelargonium graveolens, rose-scented geranium, is distilled for geranium essential oil (5).

Spices (2) belong to none of them. The options that give the geranium spices, call cotton a spice crop, or make shisham the rubber source misassign these plants.

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The statistical interaction between gene loci is called

A.Dominance variance
B.Epistatic variance
C.Recessive variance
D.All of the above

Exam Year(s)

MPPSC Forest Service - 2024,

Answer: B

The statistical interaction between gene loci is called epistatic variance.

In quantitative genetics, the genetic variance is divided into additive variance, dominance variance (interaction between alleles at the same locus) and epistatic or interaction variance, which arises from interactions between genes at different loci.

Dominance variance is interaction within one locus, not between loci, and 'recessive variance' is not a recognised component.

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10.

The arrangement of genes on the chromosome is

A.Parallel
B.Antiparallel
C.Linear
D.Perpendicular

Exam Year(s)

MPPSC Forest Service - 2024,

Answer: C

Genes are arranged on a chromosome in a linear order.

Each gene occupies a fixed position (locus) along the length of the chromosome, one after another, like beads on a string. This linear arrangement, shown by T.H. Morgan and A.H. Sturtevant from crossing-over frequencies, is what makes genetic linkage maps possible.

'Antiparallel' describes the two strands of the DNA double helix, not the arrangement of genes, and 'parallel' and 'perpendicular' do not describe it either.

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