Geographical Techniques Questions and Answers

Q: Arrange the regions of electromagnetic spectrum in ascending order as per wavelengths :(1) Ultraviolet(2) Microwaves(3) X-rays(4) Television and Radio

In ascending order of wavelength the regions are (3), (1), (2), (4).X-rays: about 0.01-10 nanometres.Ultraviolet: about 10-400 nanometres.Microwaves: about 1 millimetre to 1 metre.Television and radio waves: longer still, from about a metre to kilometres.Option A is close to the descending order, and B and D misplace X-rays or microwaves. Wavelength rises as energy falls, from X-rays to radio.

Q: The alternative hypothesis is also known as the .................... hypothesis.

The alternative hypothesis is also known as the research hypothesis.The alternative hypothesis (H1) states the relationship or difference the researcher expects to find, so it is the research hypothesis being investigated. It is accepted only when the data allow the null hypothesis (H0), which states no relationship or no difference, to be rejected.The null hypothesis is its opposite. 'Elective' and 'optional' are not terms used for hypotheses.

Q: The RADAR, LIDAR and SONAR are examples of ....................

RADAR, LIDAR and SONAR are active remote sensing sensors.An active sensor supplies its own energy: it emits a pulse of microwaves (RADAR), laser light (LIDAR) or sound (SONAR) and records the signal reflected back, measuring distance from the travel time. Because they do not depend on sunlight, they work by night and, for radar, through cloud.Passive sensors, such as ordinary cameras and multispectral scanners, record reflected sunlight or emitted heat. PSLV and GSLV are Indian launch vehicles, not sensors.

Q: The dimension and number of specific wavelength intervals in the electromagnetic spectrum to which a sensor is sensitive are known as the ................. resolution.

It is the spectral resolution.Spectral resolution describes the number and width of the wavelength bands a sensor records. A multispectral sensor has a few broad bands, and a hyperspectral sensor hundreds of narrow ones, giving finer spectral resolution.Spatial resolution is the size of the smallest ground area a pixel represents. Temporal resolution is how often the sensor revisits the same place. Radiometric resolution is the sensor's sensitivity to differences in signal strength, the number of grey levels it can record.

Q: Satellite images are geometrically distorted because of ............(1) Change in altitude(2) Change in attitude(3) Change in sensor ability(4) Malfunctioning of sensor

The causes are (1) and (2), so the answer is (1) and (2).Geometric distortion means that features are displaced from their true positions in the image. Changes in the satellite's altitude alter the scale of the image, and changes in its attitude, its roll, pitch and yaw, skew and shift the image. Earth rotation and curvature add further geometric errors.A change in sensor sensitivity or a malfunctioning detector causes radiometric errors, such as striping or missing lines, which affect the brightness values rather than the geometry.

Q: Which one of the following is the 'Areal' aspect of the basin as per the Morphometric analysis ?(1) Drainage density(2) Bifurcation ratio(3) Stream frequency(4) Circularity ratio

The areal aspects are (1), (3) and (4), so the answer is (1), (3) and (4).Morphometric analysis of a drainage basin is divided into linear, areal and relief aspects. Areal aspects relate to the basin's area and shape: drainage density (total stream length per unit area), stream frequency (number of streams per unit area) and circularity ratio (basin area relative to a circle of the same perimeter).The bifurcation ratio, the ratio of the number of streams of one order to the number of the next higher order, is a linear aspect, so every option containing (2) is wrong.

Q: Altimetric frequency analysis is mainly carried out to understand .......................

It is mainly carried out to understand erosional surfaces.Altimetric frequency analysis counts how often spot heights or summit levels fall in each height interval across a region. Peaks in the frequency distribution show heights at which many summits are accordant, which are interpreted as remnants of former erosion surfaces, such as peneplains or planation surfaces, at different levels.It is not a surveying method for levelling, and depositional surfaces are not its target. Measuring the area at a given altitude is the related hypsometric method, which serves a different purpose.

Q: Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :List I (Climatic Characteristics)List II (Position in Climograph)(a) Keen(1) Top left(b) Raw(2) Top right(c) Muggy(3) Bottom right(d) Scorching(4) Bottom left

The correct matching is a-(4), b-(3), c-(2), d-(1).Griffith Taylor's climograph plots the mean monthly wet-bulb temperature on the vertical axis against relative humidity on the horizontal axis, so heat increases upward and humidity to the right. Its corners are named for how the climate feels:Keen: cold and dry, bottom left (4).Raw: cold and humid, bottom right (3).Muggy: hot and humid, top right (2).Scorching: hot and dry, top left (1).The other codes swap the hot and cold corners or the dry and humid sides.

Q: Which of the following is/are most suitable diagram for representing the age-sex structure of population ?(1) Pie diagram(2) Pyramid diagram(3) Dot method(4) Triangular graph

The most suitable diagram is only (2), the pyramid.An age-sex pyramid shows the population in age groups as horizontal bars, males on one side and females on the other, so both age and sex structure, and the shape that reveals growth or ageing, appear in one diagram.A pie diagram can show only the share of a few categories at a time and cannot show age and sex together. The dot method maps distribution over space, and a triangular graph shows three components that add up to 100 percent, such as sectors of employment.

Q: Polar flattening is determined by using .................(1) Equatorial radius(2) Polar radius(3) Polar axis

Polar flattening is determined by using only (1) and (2), the equatorial and polar radii.Flattening (ellipticity) measures how much the Earth bulges at the equator:\[ f = \frac{a - b}{a} \approx \frac{1}{298} \]where a is the equatorial radius (about 6,378 km) and b the polar radius (about 6,357 km). Both radii are needed, so options using only one of them fail. The polar axis is simply twice the polar radius and adds nothing the polar radius does not already give.

91.

Arrange the regions of electromagnetic spectrum in ascending order as per wavelengths :

(1) Ultraviolet
(2) Microwaves
(3) X-rays
(4) Television and Radio

A.(4), (3), (2), (1)
B.(1), (3), (4), (2)
C.(3), (1), (2), (4)
D.(2), (3), (1), (4)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: C

In ascending order of wavelength the regions are (3), (1), (2), (4).

X-rays: about 0.01-10 nanometres.
Ultraviolet: about 10-400 nanometres.
Microwaves: about 1 millimetre to 1 metre.
Television and radio waves: longer still, from about a metre to kilometres.

Option A is close to the descending order, and B and D misplace X-rays or microwaves. Wavelength rises as energy falls, from X-rays to radio.

Discuss in Forum

92.

The alternative hypothesis is also known as the .................... hypothesis.

A.Null
B.Research
C.Elective
D.Optional

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: B

The alternative hypothesis is also known as the research hypothesis.

The alternative hypothesis (H₁) states the relationship or difference the researcher expects to find, so it is the research hypothesis being investigated. It is accepted only when the data allow the null hypothesis (H₀), which states no relationship or no difference, to be rejected.

The null hypothesis is its opposite. 'Elective' and 'optional' are not terms used for hypotheses.

Discuss in Forum

93.

The RADAR, LIDAR and SONAR are examples of ....................

A.Passive Remote Sensing Sensors
B.Active Remote Sensing Sensors
C.Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
D.Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: B

RADAR, LIDAR and SONAR are active remote sensing sensors.

An active sensor supplies its own energy: it emits a pulse of microwaves (RADAR), laser light (LIDAR) or sound (SONAR) and records the signal reflected back, measuring distance from the travel time. Because they do not depend on sunlight, they work by night and, for radar, through cloud.

Passive sensors, such as ordinary cameras and multispectral scanners, record reflected sunlight or emitted heat. PSLV and GSLV are Indian launch vehicles, not sensors.

Discuss in Forum

94.

The dimension and number of specific wavelength intervals in the electromagnetic spectrum to which a sensor is sensitive are known as the ................. resolution.

A.Spectral
B.Spatial
C.Temporal
D.Radiometric

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: A

It is the spectral resolution.

Spectral resolution describes the number and width of the wavelength bands a sensor records. A multispectral sensor has a few broad bands, and a hyperspectral sensor hundreds of narrow ones, giving finer spectral resolution.

Spatial resolution is the size of the smallest ground area a pixel represents. Temporal resolution is how often the sensor revisits the same place. Radiometric resolution is the sensor's sensitivity to differences in signal strength, the number of grey levels it can record.

Discuss in Forum

95.

Satellite images are geometrically distorted because of ............

(1) Change in altitude
(2) Change in attitude
(3) Change in sensor ability
(4) Malfunctioning of sensor

A.(1) and (2)
B.(2) and (3)
C.(3) and (4)
D.(1) and (4)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: A

The causes are (1) and (2), so the answer is (1) and (2).

Geometric distortion means that features are displaced from their true positions in the image. Changes in the satellite's altitude alter the scale of the image, and changes in its attitude, its roll, pitch and yaw, skew and shift the image. Earth rotation and curvature add further geometric errors.

A change in sensor sensitivity or a malfunctioning detector causes radiometric errors, such as striping or missing lines, which affect the brightness values rather than the geometry.

Discuss in Forum

96.

Which one of the following is the 'Areal' aspect of the basin as per the Morphometric analysis ?

(1) Drainage density
(2) Bifurcation ratio
(3) Stream frequency
(4) Circularity ratio

A.(1) only
B.(2), (3) and (4)
C.(1) and (3) only
D.(1), (3) and (4)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: D

The areal aspects are (1), (3) and (4), so the answer is (1), (3) and (4).

Morphometric analysis of a drainage basin is divided into linear, areal and relief aspects. Areal aspects relate to the basin's area and shape: drainage density (total stream length per unit area), stream frequency (number of streams per unit area) and circularity ratio (basin area relative to a circle of the same perimeter).

The bifurcation ratio, the ratio of the number of streams of one order to the number of the next higher order, is a linear aspect, so every option containing (2) is wrong.

Discuss in Forum

97.

Altimetric frequency analysis is mainly carried out to understand .......................

A.Erosional surfaces
B.Levelling
C.Depositional surfaces
D.Area at particular altitude

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: A

It is mainly carried out to understand erosional surfaces.

Altimetric frequency analysis counts how often spot heights or summit levels fall in each height interval across a region. Peaks in the frequency distribution show heights at which many summits are accordant, which are interpreted as remnants of former erosion surfaces, such as peneplains or planation surfaces, at different levels.

It is not a surveying method for levelling, and depositional surfaces are not its target. Measuring the area at a given altitude is the related hypsometric method, which serves a different purpose.

Discuss in Forum

98.

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :

List I (Climatic Characteristics)	List II (Position in Climograph)
(a) Keen	(1) Top left
(b) Raw	(2) Top right
(c) Muggy	(3) Bottom right
(d) Scorching	(4) Bottom left

A.a-(2), b-(1), c-(4), d-(3)
B.a-(4), b-(3), c-(2), d-(1)
C.a-(3), b-(1), c-(2), d-(4)
D.a-(4), b-(3), c-(1), d-(2)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: B

The correct matching is a-(4), b-(3), c-(2), d-(1).

Griffith Taylor's climograph plots the mean monthly wet-bulb temperature on the vertical axis against relative humidity on the horizontal axis, so heat increases upward and humidity to the right. Its corners are named for how the climate feels:

Keen: cold and dry, bottom left (4).
Raw: cold and humid, bottom right (3).
Muggy: hot and humid, top right (2).
Scorching: hot and dry, top left (1).

The other codes swap the hot and cold corners or the dry and humid sides.

Discuss in Forum

99.

Which of the following is/are most suitable diagram for representing the age-sex structure of population ?

(1) Pie diagram
(2) Pyramid diagram
(3) Dot method
(4) Triangular graph

A.Only (1)
B.(1) and (2) only
C.Only (2)
D.(1), (2) and (3)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: C

The most suitable diagram is only (2), the pyramid.

An age-sex pyramid shows the population in age groups as horizontal bars, males on one side and females on the other, so both age and sex structure, and the shape that reveals growth or ageing, appear in one diagram.

A pie diagram can show only the share of a few categories at a time and cannot show age and sex together. The dot method maps distribution over space, and a triangular graph shows three components that add up to 100 percent, such as sectors of employment.

Discuss in Forum

100.

Polar flattening is determined by using .................

(1) Equatorial radius
(2) Polar radius
(3) Polar axis

A.Only (1)
B.Only (2)
C.Only (1) and (2)
D.Only (2) and (3)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: C

Polar flattening is determined by using only (1) and (2), the equatorial and polar radii.

Flattening (ellipticity) measures how much the Earth bulges at the equator:

\[ f = \frac{a - b}{a} \approx \frac{1}{298} \]

where a is the equatorial radius (about 6,378 km) and b the polar radius (about 6,357 km). Both radii are needed, so options using only one of them fail. The polar axis is simply twice the polar radius and adds nothing the polar radius does not already give.

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