Match the following types of children List I with Temperamental Characteristics List II :List I(Types of Children)List II(Temperamental Characteristics)(P) The easy child(1) Inactive, slow reactions to environment, negative mood(Q) The difficult child(2) Establish regular routine, cheerful, easily adapt new experience(R) The slow-to-warm-up child(3) Irregular daily routine, slow to new experience, react negatively and intensively(S) The adaptive child(4) Adapt with environment, sleeping or eating in a new place

The correct code is (P)-(2), (Q)-(3), (R)-(1), (S)-(4).The easy child quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful and adapts easily to new experiences.The difficult child has irregular routines, is slow to accept new experiences and reacts negatively and intensely.The slow-to-warm-up child is fairly inactive, reacts mildly to the environment, has a somewhat negative mood and adjusts slowly.The adaptive child adapts to the environment, for example sleeping or eating in a new place.The first three are the temperament types of Thomas and Chess; options B, C and D mismatch them.

Human Development and Interventions Questions and Answers

Q: When individuals engage in a full day of activities and maintain a level of productivity to age successful, this theory is known as .................... .

It is the activity theory of ageing.Activity theory (Havighurst and others) holds that older people age most successfully when they stay active and socially involved, keeping up the activities and roles of middle age or replacing lost ones with new ones. Life satisfaction is linked to continued activity and productivity.Disengagement theory holds the opposite: that withdrawal of the elderly from social roles is natural and mutually beneficial. Continuity theory says older people try to preserve their established patterns and identity, not necessarily a high level of activity. 'Acceptance theory' is not a standard theory of ageing.

Q: When development starts from head to foot along the length of the body. This direction of development is called ...................... .

It is the cephalocaudal trend.Cephalocaudal (from the Greek and Latin for 'head to tail') development proceeds from the head downwards. A baby controls the head and neck before the trunk, and the arms before the legs; in the prenatal period, too, the head develops earliest.The proximodistal trend runs from the centre of the body outwards, from trunk to arms to fingers. Maturation is the biological unfolding of development in general, and 'dynamic trend' is not the name of a direction of development.

Q: When children no longer view rules as fixed but see them as flexible, socially agree-on principles that can be revised to suit the will of the majority. This principle is calleld ....................... .

The principle is autonomous morality.In Piaget's theory of moral development, children from about age 10 reach the stage of autonomous morality (morality of cooperation). They see rules as social agreements made by people, which can be changed if those involved agree, and they judge actions by intentions as well as consequences.Younger children are in the stage of heteronomous morality (moral realism), in which rules are fixed and unchangeable, handed down by authority, and acts are judged by their consequences. 'Realistic morality' is a version of that earlier stage, and moral judgment is the general topic, not the stage described.

Q: When infant has a need to form a close association with one significant person, this phenomenon is called as ......................... .

The phenomenon is monotropy (printed Monotrophy).John Bowlby proposed that infants have an innate tendency to form one special, primary attachment to a single caregiver, usually the mother, which is stronger than any other and serves as a template for later relationships. He called this monotropy.Attachment is the general emotional bond, not the specific idea that it is formed with one person. The Strange Situation is Ainsworth's procedure for assessing attachment, and multiple attachment, the idea that infants form several attachments at once, is the alternative view to monotropy.

Q: Which of the following is a correct sequence of development of rules of grammar in human language development ?

The keyed sequence is Phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic.The rules of a language form a hierarchy. Phonology governs sounds, the smallest units; morphology governs how sounds combine into meaningful units (morphemes and words); syntax governs how words combine into sentences; and semantics governs the meaning of words and sentences. Children's development follows this order of building blocks: they master the sound system in the first year, combine morphemes into words, begin to put words together into sentences in the second year, and go on refining meaning.The other sequences put syntax or semantics before the smaller units on which they depend, or start with morphology before the sounds that morphemes are made of.

Q: A hallucination is a .............. but delusion is a .............

A hallucination is a disorder of perception and a delusion a disorder of thought.A hallucination is a perception without an external stimulus: hearing voices, or seeing things that are not there. A delusion is a fixed false belief held despite clear evidence against it, such as believing one is being persecuted, which is a disturbance in the content of thought.Both are symptoms, so 'symptom, syndrome' is wrong. 'Belief, conviction' describes delusion alone, not hallucination. 'Fiction, fact' does not describe either one: neither is a fact, and a hallucination is experienced as real perception rather than as fiction.

Q: Dialectical behaviour therapy was developed by Marcia Linehan mainly to treat people with :

DBT was developed mainly for people with borderline personality disorder who were chronically suicidal.Marsha Linehan created dialectical behaviour therapy in the late 1980s for chronically suicidal women with borderline personality disorder, a group that standard cognitive behaviour therapy had served poorly. DBT balances acceptance (validation, mindfulness) with change (skills training in emotion regulation, distress tolerance and interpersonal effectiveness), the 'dialectic' of its name.It has since been adapted for other problems, but it was not designed for antisocial traits, early psychosis or panic disorder. (The paper prints her first name as 'Marcia'.)

Q: Vygotsky underlined these aspects in development :

Vygotsky emphasised the social and cultural aspects of development.In Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, higher mental functions originate in social interaction and are shaped by the cultural tools, above all language, that a society provides. Learning happens first between people, in the zone of proximal development with the help of more skilled partners, and is then internalised.Biological and cellular factors are the focus of maturational and neuroscientific accounts, cognitive and rational processes are central to Piaget's individual constructivism, and ecological and environmental systems are emphasised by Bronfenbrenner.

Q: While describing levels of contact and growth in Gestalt therapy the following was not a term used by Fritz Perls :

Perls did not use the term Regressive layer.Fritz Perls described the layers of neurosis that a person passes through in Gestalt therapy on the way to authentic contact and growth: the cliche layer, the phony (role-playing) layer, the phobic layer, the impasse layer, the implosive (death) layer and the explosive layer. Working through these leads to being one's authentic self.Phony, impasse and implosive are therefore all Perls' terms. 'Regressive layer' is not among them; regression is a psychoanalytic defence mechanism.

121.

When individuals engage in a full day of activities and maintain a level of productivity to age successful, this theory is known as .................... .

A.The disengagement theory
B.The activity theory
C.The acceptance theory
D.The continuity theory

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: B

It is the activity theory of ageing.

Activity theory (Havighurst and others) holds that older people age most successfully when they stay active and socially involved, keeping up the activities and roles of middle age or replacing lost ones with new ones. Life satisfaction is linked to continued activity and productivity.

Disengagement theory holds the opposite: that withdrawal of the elderly from social roles is natural and mutually beneficial. Continuity theory says older people try to preserve their established patterns and identity, not necessarily a high level of activity. 'Acceptance theory' is not a standard theory of ageing.

Discuss in Forum

122.

When development starts from head to foot along the length of the body. This direction of development is called ...................... .

A.Proximodistal trend
B.Cephalocaudal trend
C.Maturation trend
D.Dynamic trend

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: B

It is the cephalocaudal trend.

Cephalocaudal (from the Greek and Latin for 'head to tail') development proceeds from the head downwards. A baby controls the head and neck before the trunk, and the arms before the legs; in the prenatal period, too, the head develops earliest.

The proximodistal trend runs from the centre of the body outwards, from trunk to arms to fingers. Maturation is the biological unfolding of development in general, and 'dynamic trend' is not the name of a direction of development.

Discuss in Forum

123.

When children no longer view rules as fixed but see them as flexible, socially agree-on principles that can be revised to suit the will of the majority. This principle is calleld ....................... .

A.Heteronomous morality
B.Realistic morality
C.Autonomous morality
D.Moral Judgment

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: C

The principle is autonomous morality.

In Piaget's theory of moral development, children from about age 10 reach the stage of autonomous morality (morality of cooperation). They see rules as social agreements made by people, which can be changed if those involved agree, and they judge actions by intentions as well as consequences.

Younger children are in the stage of heteronomous morality (moral realism), in which rules are fixed and unchangeable, handed down by authority, and acts are judged by their consequences. 'Realistic morality' is a version of that earlier stage, and moral judgment is the general topic, not the stage described.

Discuss in Forum

124.

When infant has a need to form a close association with one significant person, this phenomenon is called as ......................... .

A.Monotrophy
B.Attachment
C.Strange situation
D.Multiple attachment

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: A

The phenomenon is monotropy (printed Monotrophy).

John Bowlby proposed that infants have an innate tendency to form one special, primary attachment to a single caregiver, usually the mother, which is stronger than any other and serves as a template for later relationships. He called this monotropy.

Attachment is the general emotional bond, not the specific idea that it is formed with one person. The Strange Situation is Ainsworth's procedure for assessing attachment, and multiple attachment, the idea that infants form several attachments at once, is the alternative view to monotropy.

Discuss in Forum

125.

Match the following types of children List I with Temperamental Characteristics List II :

List I (Types of Children)	List II (Temperamental Characteristics)
(P) The easy child	(1) Inactive, slow reactions to environment, negative mood
(Q) The difficult child	(2) Establish regular routine, cheerful, easily adapt new experience
(R) The slow-to-warm-up child	(3) Irregular daily routine, slow to new experience, react negatively and intensively
(S) The adaptive child	(4) Adapt with environment, sleeping or eating in a new place

A.(P)-(2), (Q)-(3), (R)-(1), (S)-(4)
B.(P)-(1), (Q)-(4), (R)-(3), (S)-(2)
C.(P)-(3), (Q)-(1), (R)-(2), (S)-(4)
D.(P)-(4), (Q)-(2), (R)-(1), (S)-(3)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: A

The correct code is (P)-(2), (Q)-(3), (R)-(1), (S)-(4).

The easy child quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful and adapts easily to new experiences.
The difficult child has irregular routines, is slow to accept new experiences and reacts negatively and intensely.
The slow-to-warm-up child is fairly inactive, reacts mildly to the environment, has a somewhat negative mood and adjusts slowly.
The adaptive child adapts to the environment, for example sleeping or eating in a new place.

The first three are the temperament types of Thomas and Chess; options B, C and D mismatch them.

Discuss in Forum

126.

Which of the following is a correct sequence of development of rules of grammar in human language development ?

A.Phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic
B.Morphological, syntactic, phonological, semantic
C.Syntactic, semantic, morphological, phonological
D.Morphological, phonological, semantic, syntactic

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: A

The keyed sequence is Phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic.

The rules of a language form a hierarchy. Phonology governs sounds, the smallest units; morphology governs how sounds combine into meaningful units (morphemes and words); syntax governs how words combine into sentences; and semantics governs the meaning of words and sentences. Children's development follows this order of building blocks: they master the sound system in the first year, combine morphemes into words, begin to put words together into sentences in the second year, and go on refining meaning.

The other sequences put syntax or semantics before the smaller units on which they depend, or start with morphology before the sounds that morphemes are made of.

Discuss in Forum

127.

A hallucination is a .............. but delusion is a .............

A.Perception, thought
B.Symptom, syndrome
C.Belief, conviction
D.Fiction, fact

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: A

A hallucination is a disorder of perception and a delusion a disorder of thought.

A hallucination is a perception without an external stimulus: hearing voices, or seeing things that are not there. A delusion is a fixed false belief held despite clear evidence against it, such as believing one is being persecuted, which is a disturbance in the content of thought.

Both are symptoms, so 'symptom, syndrome' is wrong. 'Belief, conviction' describes delusion alone, not hallucination. 'Fiction, fact' does not describe either one: neither is a fact, and a hallucination is experienced as real perception rather than as fiction.

Discuss in Forum

128.

Dialectical behaviour therapy was developed by Marcia Linehan mainly to treat people with :

A.Borderline personality disorder who were chronically suicidal
B.Antisocial traits who were prone to crime
C.Early psychosis who showed poor recovery
D.Panic disorder who had high insight

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: A

DBT was developed mainly for people with borderline personality disorder who were chronically suicidal.

Marsha Linehan created dialectical behaviour therapy in the late 1980s for chronically suicidal women with borderline personality disorder, a group that standard cognitive behaviour therapy had served poorly. DBT balances acceptance (validation, mindfulness) with change (skills training in emotion regulation, distress tolerance and interpersonal effectiveness), the 'dialectic' of its name.

It has since been adapted for other problems, but it was not designed for antisocial traits, early psychosis or panic disorder. (The paper prints her first name as 'Marcia'.)

Discuss in Forum

129.

Vygotsky underlined these aspects in development :

A.Biological and cellular
B.Cognitive and rational
C.Social and cultural
D.Ecological and environmental

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: C

Vygotsky emphasised the social and cultural aspects of development.

In Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, higher mental functions originate in social interaction and are shaped by the cultural tools, above all language, that a society provides. Learning happens first between people, in the zone of proximal development with the help of more skilled partners, and is then internalised.

Biological and cellular factors are the focus of maturational and neuroscientific accounts, cognitive and rational processes are central to Piaget's individual constructivism, and ecological and environmental systems are emphasised by Bronfenbrenner.

Discuss in Forum

130.

While describing levels of contact and growth in Gestalt therapy the following was not a term used by Fritz Perls :

A.Phony layer
B.Impasse layer
C.Regressive layer
D.Implosive layer

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: C

Perls did not use the term Regressive layer.

Fritz Perls described the layers of neurosis that a person passes through in Gestalt therapy on the way to authentic contact and growth: the cliche layer, the phony (role-playing) layer, the phobic layer, the impasse layer, the implosive (death) layer and the explosive layer. Working through these leads to being one's authentic self.

Phony, impasse and implosive are therefore all Perls' terms. 'Regressive layer' is not among them; regression is a psychoanalytic defence mechanism.

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