Research Methodology in Public Administration Questions and Answers

Q: This is a list of questions called schedule used by the investigator for measuring attitudes, opinions and behaviours :

It is a rating schedule.A schedule is a form of questions filled in by the investigator. Research methods texts distinguish several kinds by purpose. The rating schedule is used to measure attitudes, opinions, preferences and other qualities on a scale, which is what the question describes.An observation schedule records what the investigator sees of behaviour as it happens. A document schedule records data taken from documents, case histories and records. An evaluation schedule is used to assess an institution or programme. None of these is designed for measuring attitudes and opinions.

Q: Inductive Research is related to .................. .

Inductive research is related to theory building.Induction moves from the particular to the general: the researcher collects observations, looks for patterns in them and builds generalisations and theory from those patterns. Grounded theory is the best-known example of this inductive, theory-building approach.Deduction runs the other way. It starts from an existing theory, derives hypotheses from it and tests them against data, so theory testing and hypothesis testing belong to deductive research. Research design is the overall plan of any study, inductive or deductive, and is not specific to induction.

Q: The most important factor in the theoretical research is :

The most important factor in theoretical research is the concept.Theoretical research works with ideas rather than with new data. A theory is a set of related propositions, and propositions are statements about the relationships between concepts. Concepts are therefore the building blocks of theory: without clearly defined concepts, no proposition can be stated and no theory built. That is why theoretical research stresses the definition and clarification of concepts.Research design, interviews and laboratories belong to empirical research. A design plans how data will be collected, interviews are a method of collecting it, and a laboratory is a setting for experiments. All three serve the gathering of evidence, which is not the core of theoretical work.

Q: Cross cultural studies are an example of :

Cross cultural studies are an example of comparative design.A cross cultural study examines the same phenomenon, such as family structure, bureaucratic behaviour or political attitudes, in two or more societies in order to find what is common and what differs. Systematic comparison of cases across cultures is the defining feature of comparative design.A case study design examines one case in depth. An experimental design manipulates a variable under controlled conditions and compares the results with a control group, which is rarely possible across whole cultures. A longitudinal design follows the same units over time. A cross cultural study compares across societies rather than over time or under controlled conditions.

Q: Who said that, Hypothesis is a proposal to be examined ?

The statement is attributed to E. S. Bogardus.Research methodology texts quote Emory S. Bogardus's short definition: a hypothesis is a proposition to be tested. It treats the hypothesis as a tentative statement put forward so that it can be examined against evidence, which is the sense of the question.Goode and Hatt also defined the hypothesis, but in their own longer wording, as a proposition that can be put to a test to determine its validity; the question's short form is Bogardus's. Paul Appleby wrote on the political nature of public administration and on Indian administration, not on research method, and 'Augburn', presumably W. F. Ogburn, is known for the theory of cultural lag rather than for this definition.

Q: Unstructured interviews entail :

Unstructured interviews entail natural conversation.In an unstructured interview the researcher has a topic or a few broad themes but no fixed questionnaire. Questions are framed as the talk develops, and the respondent is free to answer at length in his own words, so the interview resembles a natural conversation. This allows depth and the discovery of unexpected points.Systematic questioning and a formal procedure are the marks of the structured interview, in which every respondent is asked the same questions in the same order. Reliable data, in the sense of results that can be repeated and compared, is a strength of structured interviewing; unstructured interviews trade some of that reliability for depth.

Q: Match List I with List II and select the correct answer by using the codes given below :List IList II(a) Experiment(1) Describe, test, diagnose(b) Survey(2) Explain, test, evaluate(c) Case study(3) Explore, evaluate, describe, diagnose, design(d) Desk research(4) Explain, evaluate, explore, describe, diagnose, design, test

The answer is (a)-(2), (b)-(1), (c)-(3), (d)-(4), the official key. I could not trace the table it comes from.The key reads the lists as a table of what each research strategy can be used for. An experiment manipulates conditions to explain and test cause and effect, and to evaluate an intervention. A survey describes a population, tests relationships and diagnoses problems. A case study explores a single instance in depth and can evaluate, describe, diagnose and design. Desk research, drawing on existing documents and data, can serve every purpose in the list.Option C swaps the case study and desk research rows and option B reverses much of the list. No search found the verb sets, so the match is kept as keyed and should be read as a textbook table, not a general rule.

Q: In SPSS, what is the data viewer :

The data viewer is a spreadsheet to enter data.SPSS has two main views in its data editor. The Data View is a spreadsheet-like grid in which each row is a case (for example, one respondent) and each column is a variable, and it is where data are entered and edited. The Variable View is the screen in which variables are defined: their names, types, labels, values and measurement levels.So the screen for defining variables is the Variable View, not the data viewer. A table summarising frequencies is output, which appears in the separate Output Viewer. A dialogue box for choosing a test is opened from the Analyze menu.

Q: What is the purpose of the conclusion in a research report ?

The conclusion summarizes the key findings in relation to the research questions.The conclusion of a research report draws the study together. It restates the main findings and shows how they answer the research questions or bear on the hypotheses, and it usually notes the study's limitations, its implications and directions for further research.The other options belong to earlier sections of the report. Explaining how concepts are defined and measured is done in the methodology section, where variables are operationalised. The review of literature comes near the start, after the introduction. The outline of the research method is the methodology chapter itself.

Q: Which of the following is not a data collection method ?

The one that is not a data collection method is research problem.A research problem is the question the study sets out to answer. It is formulated before data are collected and decides what data are needed, but it is not itself a way of collecting data.Unstructured interviewing, postal survey questionnaires and participant observation are all methods of gathering data from people or situations.

11.

This is a list of questions called schedule used by the investigator for measuring attitudes, opinions and behaviours :

A.Observation schedule
B.Document schedule
C.Rating schedule
D.Evaluation schedule

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

It is a rating schedule.

A schedule is a form of questions filled in by the investigator. Research methods texts distinguish several kinds by purpose. The rating schedule is used to measure attitudes, opinions, preferences and other qualities on a scale, which is what the question describes.

An observation schedule records what the investigator sees of behaviour as it happens. A document schedule records data taken from documents, case histories and records. An evaluation schedule is used to assess an institution or programme. None of these is designed for measuring attitudes and opinions.

Discuss in Forum

12.

Inductive Research is related to .................. .

A.Theory building
B.Theory testing
C.Hypothesis testing
D.Research design

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: A

Inductive research is related to theory building.

Induction moves from the particular to the general: the researcher collects observations, looks for patterns in them and builds generalisations and theory from those patterns. Grounded theory is the best-known example of this inductive, theory-building approach.

Deduction runs the other way. It starts from an existing theory, derives hypotheses from it and tests them against data, so theory testing and hypothesis testing belong to deductive research. Research design is the overall plan of any study, inductive or deductive, and is not specific to induction.

Discuss in Forum

13.

The most important factor in the theoretical research is :

A.Concept
B.Research Design
C.Interviews
D.Laboratory

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: A

The most important factor in theoretical research is the concept.

Theoretical research works with ideas rather than with new data. A theory is a set of related propositions, and propositions are statements about the relationships between concepts. Concepts are therefore the building blocks of theory: without clearly defined concepts, no proposition can be stated and no theory built. That is why theoretical research stresses the definition and clarification of concepts.

Research design, interviews and laboratories belong to empirical research. A design plans how data will be collected, interviews are a method of collecting it, and a laboratory is a setting for experiments. All three serve the gathering of evidence, which is not the core of theoretical work.

Discuss in Forum

14.

Cross cultural studies are an example of :

A.Case study design
B.Comparative design
C.Experimental design
D.Longitudinal design

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: B

Cross cultural studies are an example of comparative design.

A cross cultural study examines the same phenomenon, such as family structure, bureaucratic behaviour or political attitudes, in two or more societies in order to find what is common and what differs. Systematic comparison of cases across cultures is the defining feature of comparative design.

A case study design examines one case in depth. An experimental design manipulates a variable under controlled conditions and compares the results with a control group, which is rarely possible across whole cultures. A longitudinal design follows the same units over time. A cross cultural study compares across societies rather than over time or under controlled conditions.

Discuss in Forum

15.

Who said that, Hypothesis is a proposal to be examined ?

A.E. S. Bogardus
B.Goode and Hatt
C.Paul Appleby
D.Augburn

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: A

The statement is attributed to E. S. Bogardus.

Research methodology texts quote Emory S. Bogardus's short definition: a hypothesis is a proposition to be tested. It treats the hypothesis as a tentative statement put forward so that it can be examined against evidence, which is the sense of the question.

Goode and Hatt also defined the hypothesis, but in their own longer wording, as a proposition that can be put to a test to determine its validity; the question's short form is Bogardus's. Paul Appleby wrote on the political nature of public administration and on Indian administration, not on research method, and 'Augburn', presumably W. F. Ogburn, is known for the theory of cultural lag rather than for this definition.

Discuss in Forum

16.

Unstructured interviews entail :

A.Systematic questioning
B.Reliable data
C.Natural conversation
D.Formal procedure

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: C

Unstructured interviews entail natural conversation.

In an unstructured interview the researcher has a topic or a few broad themes but no fixed questionnaire. Questions are framed as the talk develops, and the respondent is free to answer at length in his own words, so the interview resembles a natural conversation. This allows depth and the discovery of unexpected points.

Systematic questioning and a formal procedure are the marks of the structured interview, in which every respondent is asked the same questions in the same order. Reliable data, in the sense of results that can be repeated and compared, is a strength of structured interviewing; unstructured interviews trade some of that reliability for depth.

Discuss in Forum

17.

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer by using the codes given below :

List I	List II
(a) Experiment	(1) Describe, test, diagnose
(b) Survey	(2) Explain, test, evaluate
(c) Case study	(3) Explore, evaluate, describe, diagnose, design
(d) Desk research	(4) Explain, evaluate, explore, describe, diagnose, design, test

A.(a)-(2), (b)-(1), (c)-(3), (d)-(4)
B.(a)-(4), (b)-(3), (c)-(1), (d)-(2)
C.(a)-(2), (b)-(1), (c)-(4), (d)-(3)
D.(a)-(1), (b)-(4), (c)-(2), (d)-(3)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: A

The answer is (a)-(2), (b)-(1), (c)-(3), (d)-(4), the official key. I could not trace the table it comes from.

The key reads the lists as a table of what each research strategy can be used for. An experiment manipulates conditions to explain and test cause and effect, and to evaluate an intervention. A survey describes a population, tests relationships and diagnoses problems. A case study explores a single instance in depth and can evaluate, describe, diagnose and design. Desk research, drawing on existing documents and data, can serve every purpose in the list.

Option C swaps the case study and desk research rows and option B reverses much of the list. No search found the verb sets, so the match is kept as keyed and should be read as a textbook table, not a general rule.

Discuss in Forum

18.

In SPSS, what is the data viewer :

A.A table summarizing frequencies of data
B.A spreadsheet to enter data
C.A dialogue box to choose a test
D.A screen in which variables are defined

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: B

The data viewer is a spreadsheet to enter data.

SPSS has two main views in its data editor. The Data View is a spreadsheet-like grid in which each row is a case (for example, one respondent) and each column is a variable, and it is where data are entered and edited. The Variable View is the screen in which variables are defined: their names, types, labels, values and measurement levels.

So the screen for defining variables is the Variable View, not the data viewer. A table summarising frequencies is output, which appears in the separate Output Viewer. A dialogue box for choosing a test is opened from the Analyze menu.

Discuss in Forum

19.

What is the purpose of the conclusion in a research report ?

A.It explains how concepts are defined and measured
B.It contains review of literature
C.It outlines the research method
D.It summarizes the key findings in relation to the research questions

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: D

The conclusion summarizes the key findings in relation to the research questions.

The conclusion of a research report draws the study together. It restates the main findings and shows how they answer the research questions or bear on the hypotheses, and it usually notes the study's limitations, its implications and directions for further research.

The other options belong to earlier sections of the report. Explaining how concepts are defined and measured is done in the methodology section, where variables are operationalised. The review of literature comes near the start, after the introduction. The outline of the research method is the methodology chapter itself.

Discuss in Forum

20.

Which of the following is not a data collection method ?

A.Research problem
B.Unstructured interviewing
C.Postal survey questionnaires
D.Participant observation

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: A

The one that is not a data collection method is research problem.

A research problem is the question the study sets out to answer. It is formulated before data are collected and decides what data are needed, but it is not itself a way of collecting data.

Unstructured interviewing, postal survey questionnaires and participant observation are all methods of gathering data from people or situations.

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