Reducing empty weight by \( 1 \) t on a \( 90 \) t aircraft, with payload and fuel held, allows an increase in payload of
Answer: A
At a fixed maximum take-off weight the saving transfers directly, tonne for tonne, into payload. The real benefit is usually larger still, because a lighter aircraft needs less fuel for the same mission, which compounds the saving.
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Assertion (A): Getting the top-level requirements wrong is the most expensive error in a programme.
Reason (R): Everything downstream is derived from them.
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Answer: B
Both are true and the second explains the first. A flawed requirement propagates into every system and component, and by the time it is discovered the cost of unwinding it exceeds anything a later technical mistake could produce.
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Assertion (A): Folding wingtips have appeared on recent transport aircraft.
Reason (R): Induced drag rewards span, but airport gate boxes constrain it.
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Answer: C
Both statements are true and the second is the reason for the first. The mechanism, its weight and its certification burden are accepted because the aerodynamic gain from the extra span outweighs them over the aircraft's life.
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Assertion (A): Certification requirements are not entered into trade studies as criteria.
Reason (R): They are conditions of being permitted to fly rather than desirable attributes.
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Answer: D
Correct answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
Both are true and the reason gives the ground. A certification requirement is not an attribute to be balanced against cost or performance - without it the aircraft cannot fly at all, so it enters the design as an absolute constraint that every option must satisfy before it is considered. Options that fail it are eliminated, not scored, and putting it into the weighted sum would imply it could be traded away.
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Assertion (A): Design margin is allocated and tracked explicitly from the start of a programme.
Reason (R): Weight and performance almost always deteriorate as detail design proceeds.
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Answer: A
Correct answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
Both are true and the reason is why the practice exists. Weight grows and performance erodes as detail design uncovers what the concept estimate missed - brackets, fasteners, wiring, access provisions. A margin allocated and tracked from the start absorbs that growth, and tracking it makes the consumption visible while there is still time to act. Margin that is merely assumed is invariably found to have been spent already.
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Assertion (A): A requirement should state what must be achieved rather than how.
Reason (R): Embedding a solution in a requirement forecloses alternatives before they are examined.
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Answer: B
Correct answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
Both are true and the reason explains the rule. A requirement that says “shall use a titanium spar” has already chosen the answer, and the design team can no longer offer a lighter or cheaper solution that meets the real need. Stating the need instead - the strength, stiffness and life required - leaves the solution space open. The exception is a genuine constraint, such as an interface with existing equipment, which is properly stated as a constraint rather than disguised as a requirement.
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Assertion (A): Commonality with an existing family compromises the aerodynamic optimum.
Reason (R): The new aircraft inherits choices made for a different design problem.
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Answer: C
Both statements are true and the second is the reason for the first. The compromise is accepted because shared type ratings, spares and development costs are worth more to operator and manufacturer than the last few per cent of efficiency.
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Assertion (A): Requirements creep is controlled by formal change management.
Reason (R): Each addition appears reasonable in isolation while the cumulative effect is invisible.
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Answer: D
Correct answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
Both are true and the reason explains why formality is needed. No single addition looks unreasonable, and each is argued on its own merits by someone with a good case; what nobody sees is the sum. Formal change management forces every proposal to be costed in weight, performance, schedule and money against the current baseline, so the accumulated total becomes visible and can be refused.
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Assertion (A): A figure of merit should be tested for sensitivity to its weightings.
Reason (R): A poorly chosen weighting can bury a decisive disadvantage inside an attractive total.
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Answer: A
Correct answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
Both are true and the reason gives the danger. A weighted sum collapses several dimensions into one number, and an option with a serious flaw in one criterion can still lead on the total if that criterion carries little weight. Varying the weights and seeing whether the ranking survives exposes such cases, and where the ranking flips under a small change, the decision must be made on judgement rather than on the arithmetic.
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Assertion (A): Verification and validation ask different questions.
Reason (R): A design can meet every written requirement and still fail to serve the operator.
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Answer: B
Both are true and the second explains the first. Verification closes the specification; validation asks whether the specification described the right aircraft, and only the second catches a requirement that was wrong from the outset.
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