Child and Human Development Questions and Answers

Answer: B

Releasing pent up emotional energy is emotional catharsis. The word means a cleansing or a purging of emotion, and it is used for the relief that follows when strong feelings such as anger, grief or fear are expressed and discharged. Body control is mastery of physical movement. Mental balance is a state of adjustment, and emotional security is the feeling of being safe in one's relationships. So the keyed answer is option B.

Answer: B

Development is a product of heredity and environment, and of learning and maturation, which are (i) and (ii), option B. Heredity gives the inborn potential and the environment shapes how it grows. Maturation is the unfolding of the growth patterns of the body, and learning is the change from experience. Learning through training and learning through observation, (iii) and (iv), are only forms of learning, and so are covered by (ii), so options A, C and D are wrong.

Answer: A

Both statements are true and the reason is the correct explanation. In Freud's theory the ego is the part of the personality that deals with the real world and works on the reality principle, in contrast to the id, which works on the pleasure principle. The reason shows how: the ego looks for real objects to satisfy a need, as a hungry person must get real food. So option A is correct. Option B denies that the reason explains the assertion, and options C and D call one statement false.

Answer: B

The stages of psycho-social development in Erikson's sequence, from the earlier to the later, are initiative versus guilt, identity versus role confusion, generativity versus stagnation, and ego integrity versus despair, which is (iv), (ii), (i), (iii), option B. Initiative versus guilt belongs to early childhood, identity versus role confusion to adolescence, generativity versus stagnation to middle adulthood, and ego integrity versus despair to old age. Options A, C and D put one of the later stages before an earlier one.

Answer: C

The matching is: clay modelling with imagination and creativity (3), pre basic education with M. K. Gandhi (1), International Women's Day with 8th March (4), and the beneficiaries of supplementary nutrition in ICDS with children of 6 months to 72 months (2), giving 3 1 4 2, option C. Gandhi proposed basic education, and the supplementary nutrition of ICDS is for children under six years. The 8th July in List II is not matched with any item. Options A, B and D give the wrong date or the wrong person to some items.

Answer: D

The visual acuity usually quoted for a visually impaired person in the legal sense is 20/200: the person sees at 20 feet what a person with normal vision sees at 200 feet, even with the best correction in the better eye. 20/100 and 20/70 describe better vision, a milder impairment that many people can correct with lenses. 2/200 is not a standard Snellen fraction and would mean sight far worse than the usual threshold. The answer is 20/200.

Answer: C

Estrogen is the female sex hormone, made chiefly in the ovaries; it drives the development of female secondary sexual characters and the menstrual cycle. Androgen, of which testosterone is the main one, is the male sex hormone. Prolactin is a pituitary hormone that starts and keeps up milk production, and oxytocin is a pituitary hormone that causes the uterus to contract at birth and the milk let-down reflex, so neither is a sex hormone. The answer is Estrogen.

Answer: C

Disciplining a child teaches acceptable conduct, so it improves mannerisms, moral values and educational values, which are statements I, III and IV. The key does not count aesthetic sense, which grows from exposure to art, beauty and cultural experiences more than from discipline. Options with II are therefore not chosen, and options without I leave out mannerisms, one of the most direct results of discipline. The answer is I, III and IV.

Answer: B

The rights of the child are usually grouped into survival, development, protection and participation. The right to birth and registration and the right to health and nutrition belong to survival, so I and III are correct. The right to express and the right to participation are rights of participation, so II and IV do not belong with survival. Options that include II (the first) or IV (the third and fourth) are therefore wrong, and the answer is I and III.

Answer: B

A child who is physically and psychologically ready for school adjusts better and forms favourable attitudes to education, and that readiness affects personality, so (A) is correct. The reason, that ready children adjust satisfactorily and develop favourable attitudes towards education, is also correct, and it is what makes readiness matter. So both are correct, option (B). Option (A) calls both wrong, and option (C) calls (R) a wrong explanation, which it is not. Option (D) calls (A) wrong.