Introduction to Journalism and Communication Questions and Answers

Answer: C

The key gives option C: women understand their bodies from the perspective of an outsider.

The passage says objectification theory 'posits that girls and women are typically acculturated to internalise an observer's perspective as a primary view of their physical selves'. An observer looking at a body from outside is an outsider, so women learn to see their own bodies from that outside viewpoint.

Option A, that women are cultured, drops the point about the observer; the passage says acculturated, which is about learning a viewpoint. Option B has women holding an observer's understanding of the world at large, whereas the passage limits it to their view of their own bodies. Option D says they internalise their physical selves, but what they internalise is the observer's perspective.

Answer: B

The key gives option B: it does not allow natural development of different body sizes and shapes.

The passage quotes the argument that, as a result of objectification, 'human bodies are not allowed to naturally develop into a diverse range of shapes, sizes and attributes'. That is the result stated in the passage.

Option A, that it makes people thin, is not said; the passage speaks of pressure to modify bodies, not of thinness. Option C uses the word 'busters', which is not in the passage, where the pressures are 'societal stressors and pressures'. Option D, gendered experiences, is the cause the passage names, since gendered experiences of the body constrain body image, and not the result of objectification.

Answer: C

The key gives option C: people constantly undergo evaluation of their bodies to fit the role society prescribes.

The passage says natural bodies are made 'deficient' and are therefore in need of 'chronic bodily evaluation and modification in order to produce bodies that meet prescriptive social roles, enhance social value and secure social power'. The bodies that fit the prescribed roles are the aim of the repeated evaluation, so the author means that people keep judging their bodies against the roles society prescribes.

Option A speaks of a prescription for understanding our role, which the passage does not say. Option B turns the argument into a claim that power comes from body modification, and option D into a claim that modification increases social value; both take the aim of the process as a fact and miss that the passage is describing constant evaluation.

Answer: C

The key is Inclusion of immigrants and refugees into the welfare state.

The passage says neither "social" nor "network" is automatically progressive, because far-right movements use network logic and are social too. What it says separates the progressive movements from them is the struggle for an inclusive, democratic form of socialism, against the right-wing aim of a discriminatory, closed society that excludes immigrants and refugees from the welfare state. Inclusion of those groups is the item among the options that expresses that test. Creating networks alongside social movements and adding online and offline systems describe what the far right does as well, and including right-wing parties is the opposite of the passage's point.

The stem says "according to Manuel Castells", but the passage is a critique of him, so the answer is drawn from the passage's own test.

Answer: D

The key is Democratic socialism.

The passage says the difference between the two camps boils down to democratic socialism for the twenty-first century, which is what shapes power so that a fair, just and participatory society can be established. A nationalist society is the right-wing aim the passage criticises. Democratic social movements online and a welfare society with labour parties offline are details the passage mentions, but neither is named as the factor that leads to such a society.

Answer: C

The language in which Harijan did not appear is Punjabi.

Gandhi started Harijan in English in February 1933, while he was campaigning against untouchability, and it was soon joined by the Hindi Harijan Sevak and the Gujarati Harijanbandhu. Editions in other Indian languages followed, among them Urdu and Tamil, so that the weekly could reach readers across the country.

English was the original edition, and Urdu and Tamil were among the language editions, so those three options name languages in which the paper was published. Punjabi is the one the key marks as never having carried an edition.

Answer: C

The award honours an outstanding woman from journalism.

The Chameli Devi Jain Award for an Outstanding Woman Mediaperson was instituted in 1980 by the Media Foundation, in memory of Chameli Devi Jain, a freedom fighter. It is given every year to a woman journalist, in print or broadcast, whose work shows courage and commitment to public-interest reporting.

It is not an advertising, theatre or music prize. Those fields have their own awards, and the Chameli Devi Jain Award is specifically the best-known Indian award reserved for women in the news media.

Answer: A

Counterhegemony means the audience resisting the messages of the dominant group.

In Antonio Gramsci's terms, hegemony is the way a dominant group wins consent for its view of the world through culture, media and common sense rather than force. Cultural studies, especially the Birmingham school and Stuart Hall's encoding and decoding model, showed that audiences can reject or reinterpret those dominant meanings. Such oppositional readings and alternative cultures are counterhegemony.

It is not a resistance by elites, who are the hegemonic group, nor a struggle by the bourgeoisie, the class whose ideas are dominant in the Marxist account. 'Theatre of struggle' is only a vague phrase and does not define the concept.

Answer: B

The paper that is not a tabloid is The Tribune.

The Tribune, founded in Lahore in 1881 and now published from Chandigarh, is a broadsheet daily known for serious news coverage. A tabloid is a smaller-format paper, usually with a lighter, more sensational or city-focused style.

The other three are tabloids: Blitz was R. K. Karanjia's Bombay tabloid weekly, famous for investigative and sensational journalism, while Mumbai Mirror and Mid-Day are Mumbai city tabloids.

Answer: A

The era of satellite invasion in Indian television is the 1990s.

Until 1991 Doordarshan was the only television service. During the Gulf War of 1991 CNN's satellite coverage reached Indian homes through cable operators, and from 1991-92 Hong Kong based STAR TV and then Zee TV beamed channels into India by satellite. Cable and satellite channels multiplied through the decade, a change often described as the satellite or 'sky' invasion.

Television itself began in India in 1959, and the 1960s and 1970s were the years of terrestrial Doordarshan and the SITE experiment of 1975-76. The 1900s predate television altogether.