Research in Physical Education Questions and Answers

Answer: B

The matching is F-test with ANOVA, measuring central tendency with the median, test of correlation with the coefficient of correlation and measuring variability with standard deviation: a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii, option B.

Options A, C and D assign the median to variability or standard deviation to central tendency, though the median locates the middle of the data and standard deviation shows its spread.

Answer: A

A hypothesis is described as an intellectual guess, a brilliant guess and an intelligent guess, so I, II and III are correct.

A negative guess (IV) is not a description of a hypothesis, so every option that contains IV (II III IV; I III IV; I II IV) is wrong. A hypothesis is a tentative statement that is tested by the study, not a negative statement.

Answer: B

Both statements are true, as the keyed option states. External criticism in historical research examines whether a document is genuine and authentic, and research should seek true data, which is the stated aim of both internal and external criticism.

The options saying (A) is false or (R) is false are wrong because external criticism does establish genuineness and authenticity, and no researcher wants false data. The option with only (R) true and (A) false and the option with (A) true and (R) false each contradict this.

Answer: B

The steps in the statistical procedure for comparing two groups are: find the mean values of the two groups (I), find the mean difference (II), calculate the t value (IV), and then test significance (III). The sequence is I II IV III.

Testing significance can only be done after the t value is known, so II III IV I and any other order placing III before IV are wrong. Starting with the t value (IV I II III) is also impossible since t is computed from the mean difference.

Answer: C

Quartile deviation is based on \(Q_{3} - Q_{1}\) (1) in the printed list; the mean is computed as the assumed mean plus the correction \(\frac{\sum fd}{N}\) times the class interval (3); the t value is the mean difference divided by the standard error (4); and the standard deviation is matched with the expression \(\frac{\sum X^{2}}{N}\) (2), the quantity under the root sign.

Therefore I-2, II-3, III-4, IV-1. The other codes pair the t value with the quartile range or the mean with the t formula, which do not fit.

Answer: C

Research designed to create and develop an organised body of knowledge is fundamental (basic or pure) research: it is carried out to add to theory, with no immediate practical use in mind. Applied research, in contrast, is carried out to solve a practical problem, and action research is a small-scale inquiry by a practitioner to improve his own work. 'Contextual research' is not a standard category in this classification.

Answer: C

A purposive sample is a non-probability sample because it is not randomly selected: the researcher chooses the subjects deliberately, according to the purpose of the study, so not every member of the population has a known chance of selection. It is not selected without any process, since the researcher applies a criterion, it is not chosen by a throw of a dice, which would be random, and it is not picked at the last moment, which would be an accidental or convenience selection.

Answer: D

The formulas for the median of grouped data are I, II and III, so the keyed answer is the last option. Each of them is a form of the same rule: the median is the lower limit of the median class plus the distance into the class, found from the number of observations needed to reach N/2 and the frequency of the class, times the class interval. Formula IV starts from L2, the upper limit, and then adds the same amount, so it overshoots the class. It is not the median formula, and the options containing IV are rejected.

Answer: A

The matching is the non-parametric technique to compare obtained results with those expected: chi-square test; the test for the difference between a sample mean and a population mean: Z test; the technique to establish the relationship among variables: correlation; and the test for the difference between the means of more than two groups: F-ratio. This gives the code 4 1 2 3. The other codes pair the chi-square test with a parametric purpose, or the F-ratio with only two groups, which is the job of a t or Z test.

Answer: C

The order of the statistical measures in analysing data is the mean first, then the sums of squares (RSS, CF, TSS, SSb and SSw), then the F-ratio, and then the Scheffe post hoc test, which is the code III, IV, I, II. The post hoc test is used only when the F-ratio is significant, to find which groups differ, so it comes last. The sums of squares are needed to form the F-ratio, so they come before it.