Comparative Political Analysis Questions and Answers

Q: Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below the list.List - I (Type of Government)List - II (Principal Attributes)a. Military Regimei. Based on deferenceb. Dynastic Regimeii. Based on coercionc. Psuedo Democracyiii. Trappings of a liberal democracy like periodic elections but power rests in the hands of oligarchy.d. Liberal Democracyiv. Voluntary participation in government process is extensiveCodes : a b c d

The match is a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv.A military regime rests on coercion (ii). A dynastic regime rests on deference to the ruling family (i). A pseudo democracy has the trappings of a liberal democracy, such as periodic elections, but power rests with an oligarchy (iii). A liberal democracy has extensive voluntary participation (iv).Code (B) gives these four. The other codes put coercion with a dynastic regime or voluntary participation with a pseudo democracy. The classification follows Almond and Powell and other comparative texts, which sort regimes by the basis of the rulers' authority and the manner of popular participation, and the match follows the standard descriptions.

Q: Who among the following writers classified Elites into broad types ?(i) Organising and directing elites. (ii) Informally organised and diffused elites

Karl Mannheim classified elites into the two types.Mannheim divided elites into organising and directing elites, which organise political and economic life, and informally organised and diffused elites, such as intellectual and cultural elites.Pareto's classification is of governing and non-governing elites, Mosca's is of the ruling class and Michels is known for the iron law of oligarchy. Mannheim's theory is set out in his writings on the sociology of knowledge and on society and planning, and the sense in which he uses elites is given in the two types in the question.

Q: Who among the following was elected as U.S. President for the fourth term ?

The man elected U.S. President for a fourth term was Franklin D. Roosevelt.He won in 1932, 1936, 1940 and 1944 and died in 1945, early in the fourth term. The Twenty-second Amendment later limited a President to two elected terms. George Washington declined a third term, Theodore Roosevelt served one elected term and part of another, and Andrew Jackson served two terms.

Q: Which of the following countries has a simple constitution-amending procedure ?

The country with a simple amending procedure is the U.K.Britain has no entrenched written constitution, so Parliament amends constitutional law by an ordinary Act under parliamentary sovereignty. The United States needs two-thirds of Congress and ratification by three-fourths of the states, India uses special majorities and, for federal matters, state ratification, and France requires a special congress or a referendum, so these are all harder.

101.

Arrange in ascending order the following stages of Political Development as enunciated by A.F.K. Organski. Select the correct answer from codes given below :

i. Primitive National Unification
ii. Abundance
iii. Industrialisation
iv. National Welfare
Codes :

A.i, ii, iii, iv
B.i, iii, ii, iv
C.i, iii, iv, ii
D.iv, ii, iii, i

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The ascending order of Organski's stages is primitive national unification, industrialisation, national welfare, abundance.

In The Stages of Political Development Organski gave four stages: the politics of primitive unification, the politics of industrialisation, the politics of national welfare and the politics of abundance.

Options with abundance before national welfare, or in the reverse order, do not agree with his scheme. Organski also described each stage by its main problem: unification by the building of state power, industrialisation by capital accumulation, national welfare by social security, and abundance by automation and a leisure society.

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102.

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below the list.

List - I (Type of Government)	List - II (Principal Attributes)
a. Military Regime	i. Based on deference
b. Dynastic Regime	ii. Based on coercion
c. Psuedo Democracy	iii. Trappings of a liberal democracy like periodic elections but power rests in the hands of oligarchy.
d. Liberal Democracy	iv. Voluntary participation in government process is extensive

Codes : a b c d

A.i ii iii iv
B.ii i iii iv
C.iv iii ii i
D.iii i iv ii

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The match is a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv.

A military regime rests on coercion (ii). A dynastic regime rests on deference to the ruling family (i). A pseudo democracy has the trappings of a liberal democracy, such as periodic elections, but power rests with an oligarchy (iii). A liberal democracy has extensive voluntary participation (iv).

Code (B) gives these four. The other codes put coercion with a dynastic regime or voluntary participation with a pseudo democracy. The classification follows Almond and Powell and other comparative texts, which sort regimes by the basis of the rulers' authority and the manner of popular participation, and the match follows the standard descriptions.

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103.

The process of Socialisation in Modern Society is

1. Specific
2. Universalistic
3. Instrumental
4. Ascriptive
Select the correct answer from the codes given below :
Codes :

A.1, 2, 3
B.2, 3, 4
C.3, 4, 1
D.4, 2, 1

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

Socialisation in modern society is specific, universalistic and instrumental (1, 2, 3).

In the pattern variables of Parsons, modern societies are marked by specificity, universalism and instrumental (affectively neutral) relationships, while traditional societies are diffuse, particularistic and ascriptive.

Ascriptive (4) belongs to traditional society, so the options with 4 are wrong. Parsons set out his pattern variables as choices between pairs: affectivity and neutrality, diffuseness and specificity, particularism and universalism, ascription and achievement. The modern side of each pair gives the answer here.

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104.

Which one of the following is not a totalitarian form of Government ?

A.Military Government
B.Fascist Government
C.Communist Government
D.Parliamentary form of Government

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The parliamentary form of government is not a totalitarian form.

Military, fascist and communist governments are classed as totalitarian or authoritarian, because power is concentrated and the state controls society. In a parliamentary system government is answerable to the legislature.

So only option D is outside the group. Totalitarian systems are marked by a single ideology, a single party, control of mass communication and terror. Parliamentary government has none of these features and so is the odd one out among the four forms.

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105.

Who among the following writers classified Elites into broad types ?

(i) Organising and directing elites. (ii) Informally organised and diffused elites

A.Vilfredo Pareto
B.Robert Michaels
C.Gaetano Mosca
D.Karl Mannheim

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

Karl Mannheim classified elites into the two types.

Mannheim divided elites into organising and directing elites, which organise political and economic life, and informally organised and diffused elites, such as intellectual and cultural elites.

Pareto's classification is of governing and non-governing elites, Mosca's is of the ruling class and Michels is known for the iron law of oligarchy. Mannheim's theory is set out in his writings on the sociology of knowledge and on society and planning, and the sense in which he uses elites is given in the two types in the question.

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106.

Who among the following classified parties under competitive system into two major categories ?

(i) Turnover and Hegemonic
(ii) Ideological and Pragmatic

A.Myron Weiner and Lapalombara
B.G.A. Almond and Verba
C.Neil A. Mcdonald
D.Peter H. Merkel

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

Myron Weiner and Joseph LaPalombara classified parties under competitive systems in two categories.

They distinguished turnover and hegemonic parties on one hand, and ideological and pragmatic parties on the other, in their work on political parties and political development.

Almond and Verba are known for the civic culture, and the other authors are not credited with this classification by the key. Weiner and LaPalombara edited Political Parties and Political Development (1966), in which the classification of competitive parties by turnover, hegemony, ideology and pragmatism appears.

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107.

The concept of dependency evolved in the 1960s in

A.Europe
B.Africa
C.Asia
D.Latin America

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The concept of dependency evolved in the 1960s in Latin America.

Dependency theory grew out of the work of Latin American economists and social scientists, such as Raul Prebisch and Andre Gunder Frank, who argued that the periphery's underdevelopment arises from its relation to the developed centre.

It did not originate in Europe, Africa or Asia. The theory held that the world is divided into a developed core and a dependent periphery, and that development of the centre depends on the underdevelopment of the periphery. Its home was Latin America in the 1960s, notably with the work of the UN Economic Commission for Latin America.

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108.

Who among the following was elected as U.S. President for the fourth term ?

A.George Washington
B.Franklin D. Roosevelt
C.Theodore Roosevelt
D.Andrew Jackson

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The man elected U.S. President for a fourth term was Franklin D. Roosevelt.

He won in 1932, 1936, 1940 and 1944 and died in 1945, early in the fourth term. The Twenty-second Amendment later limited a President to two elected terms. George Washington declined a third term, Theodore Roosevelt served one elected term and part of another, and Andrew Jackson served two terms.

Discuss in Forum

109.

Which of the following countries has a simple constitution-amending procedure ?

A.U.S.A.
B.U.K.
C.India
D.France

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The country with a simple amending procedure is the U.K.

Britain has no entrenched written constitution, so Parliament amends constitutional law by an ordinary Act under parliamentary sovereignty. The United States needs two-thirds of Congress and ratification by three-fourths of the states, India uses special majorities and, for federal matters, state ratification, and France requires a special congress or a referendum, so these are all harder.

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110.

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :

List - I (Model of Development)	List - II (Features)
a. Bourgeoisie model	i. Urban Economic growth development of Legislature and Electoral process.
b. Autocratic model	ii. Suppress middle class.
c. Technocratic model	iii. Low political participation and high foreign investment.
d. Populist model	iv. Stresses high political participation as well as economic inequality.

Codes : a b c d

A.i ii iii iv
B.iv iii ii i
C.iii ii i iv
D.ii iii iv i

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The keyed matching is a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv, the first code.

The bourgeoisie model is paired with urban economic growth and development of the legislature and electoral process. The autocratic model suppresses the middle class, the technocratic model has low political participation with high foreign investment, and the populist model has high participation together with economic inequality. The remaining codes reverse these pairs, for example giving the populist model the low-participation, foreign-investment feature.

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